16 ANIMAL INDIVIDUALITY [CH. 



of their existence. Looked at from this point of view, 

 the individual appears as a machine whose working 

 has for result no " finished article," the uses of which 

 do not affect the machine, but merely the continuation 

 of that same working. The result (and the object) 

 of the working of a printing-press is to print books : 

 but the books when printed are of no use to the 

 press. The result (it is risky to say the object) of 

 the working of an individual is for it a minute later 

 to be still working in the same way. There is no 

 material product given birth to by the process ; but 

 the result of the working is of the greatest interest to 

 the individual, the machine that is working. 



This fourth view of the individual, as a whole 

 whose diverse parts all work together in such a way 

 as to ensure the whole's continuance, or, as the 

 evolutionist would say, whose structure and working 

 have "survival-value," cannot stand without some 

 qualification. There is death to be reckoned with; 

 the survival is only temporary. 



Under cover of the one word Death lie sheltered 

 two separate notions death of the substance, when 

 the living protoplasm ceases to exist as such, and 

 death of the individuality informing the substance 1 . 

 In man, both are inseparably connected; in many 

 lower animals they are not. To take the simplest 



1 For a fuller treatment of both these conceptions, see an article 

 on "The Meaning of Death" in the Cornhill Magazine for April 1911. 



