n] BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS 31 



she has started as mere substance without individu- 

 ality, has next gained an individuality co-extensive 

 with her substance, then an individuality still tied to 

 substance but transcending it in all directions, and 

 finally become an individuality without substance, free 

 and untrammelled. 



That for the present must be mere speculation. 

 The Zoologist has strayed : he must return to his 

 muttons and his amoebae, and in the next chapter 

 will begin to consider more closely the actual facts 

 of animal individuality and their probable explana- 

 tion. 



CHAPTER II 



THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUALITY 



THE idea of individuality, in common with most 

 other large biological problems, came to be first 

 considered as indeed was only natural from the 

 standpoint of man alone. With the growth of our 

 knowledge concerning invertebrate animals, the ideas 

 thus gained had to be considerably modified, until 

 finally the theory of evolution once and for all justified 

 the more advanced among the earlier thinkers, and 

 showed that in any view of animal individuality as a 

 whole, we must not take man and mammals as the 



