34 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 



ated points, even the trivial ones, which on any 

 other {theory ?) can be viewed as so many ultimate 

 facts, all follow (in) a simple manner on the theory 

 of the occurrence of species by (illegible) and being 

 adapted by selection to (illegible), conjoined with 

 their power of dispersal, and the steady geographico- 

 geological changes which are now in progress and 

 which undoubtedly have taken place. Ought to 

 state the opinion of the immutability of species and 

 the creation by so many separate acts of will of 

 the Creator 1 . 



1 (From the back of MS.) Effect of climate on stationary island and 

 on continent, but continent once island. Moreover repeated oscillations 

 fresh diffusion when non -united, then isolation, when rising again immigra- 

 tion prevented, new habitats formed, new species, when united free immi- 

 gration, hence uniform characters. Hence more forms (on ?) the island. 

 Mountain summits. Why not true species. First let us recall in Part I, 

 conditions of variation : change of conditions during several generations, 

 and if frequently altered so much better [perhaps excess of food]. Secondly, 

 continued selection [while in wild state]. Thirdly, isolation in all or nearly 

 all, as well to recall advantages of. 



.n continent, if we look to terrestrial animal, long continued change 

 t go on, which would only cause change in numerical number 

 (? proportions) : if continued long enough might ultimately affect all, though 

 to most continents (there is) chance of immigration. Some few of whole 

 body of species must be long affected and entire selection working same 

 way. But here isolation absent, without barrier, cut off such (illegible). We 

 can see advantage of isolation. But let us take case of island thrown up 

 by volcanic agency at some distances, here we should have occasional 

 visitants, only in few numbers and exposed to new conditions and (illegible) 

 more important, a quite new grouping of organic beings, which would 

 open out new sources of subsistence, or (would) control (?) old ones. The 

 number would be few, can old have the very best opportunity. (The con- 

 quest of the indigenes by introduced organisms shows that the indigenes 

 were not perfectly adapted, see Origin, Ed. i. p. 390.) Moreover as the 

 island continued changing, continued slow changes, river, marshes, lakes, 

 mountains &c. &c., new races as successively formed and a fresh occasional 

 visitant. 



If island formed continent, some species would emerge and immigrate. 

 Everyone admits continents. We can see why Galapagos and C. Verde 

 differ (see Origin, Ed. i. p. 398)], depressed and raised. We can see from 

 this repeated action and the time required for a continent, why many more 

 forms than in New Zealand (see Origin, Ed. i. p. 389 for a comparison be- 

 tween New Zealand and the Cape) no mammals or other classes (see however, 

 Origin, Ed. i. p. 393 for the case of the frog). We can at once see how it 

 comes when there has been an old channel of migration, Cordilleras ; we 

 can see why Indian Asiatic Flora, [why species] having a wide range gives 

 better chance of some arriving at new points and being selected, and 

 adapted to new ends. I need hardly remark no necessity for change. 



