PART II 

 ECOLOGY 



Read: Semper, K., Animal Life; or all of the following'. 

 Gadow, The Wanderings of Animals; 

 Needham, General Biology, pp. 3-55, 368-433 ; 

 Phillips, Habits of the Honey Bee. 



The following directions for laboratory work are general in 

 character since they are intended to apply to various specimens 

 collected in the field or brought from the Museum and Vivarium. 

 Several specimens, illustrating different kinds of adaptations, etc., 

 will be assigned, one after another, to each member of the class. 

 Keep laboratory records for each specimen, and then the results 

 of observations on the topics proposed. 



A. RELATIONS TO INORGANIC ENVIRONMENT. 



I. HABITAT. 



Is the specimen a marine (Halobios), fresh-water (Limnobios) 

 or terrestrial (Geobios) form? What are the evidences upon 

 which your conclusion is based? 



1. If aquatic, is it a bottom form (Benthos) or a top form 

 (Plankton) ? Give evidence for your conclusion. 



2. If terrestrial, is it fitted for life in arid or swampy regions, 

 or for subterranean, arboreal, or aerial life? Give reasons for 

 your answer. 



3. Are there any evidences that this species or its ancestors have 

 ever changed habitat? If so, what are they? 



4. Draw the specimen, devoting particular attention to those 

 adaptations which have relation to the habitat. 



II. CLIMATE. 



1. Temperature. Does the organism show any particular adap- 

 tations to heat or cold ? In what conditions does it pass the winter ? 

 The summer? 



2. Moisture. Does it show adaptations for the prevention of 

 the loss of moisture, or to protect it against too great moisture? 



3. Winds. What adaptation, if any, does it show to winds? 



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