Economic Rivalry or Competition 225 



now distinguished are sharply brought out when we ask 

 what forms of cooperation of individuals they severally 

 involve. So far as cooperation enters into biological 

 struggle for existence, it is instinctive and unreflective 

 as in the gregarious and mass-actions of herds or other 

 companies of animals. It is a phenomenon of a biological 

 sort produced by the operation of natural selection. In- 

 telligent cooperation, to be available in the struggle, has 

 utility not in the direct results of the cooperation, but as 

 representing a type of individual which it is of utility to 

 preserve by the laws of heredity. 



In personal rivalry, and with it free economic competi- 

 tion, we have the intelligent and reflective cooperation 

 which illustrates the presence of a social and moral self 

 in some degree of development. 



In 'restricted' competition we revert to an economic 

 formula which makes utility paramount, and only that 

 form of cooperation possible which subserves this utility. 

 This may arise among individuals within the group so far 

 as it renders the group as such more efficient as against 

 others and also as between different groups or agencies 

 for the ends of common utility. 



