Aristotle 47 



' present diversities in the structure of their stomachs. Of the 

 viviparous quadrupeds, such of the horned animals as are not 

 equally furnished with teeth in both jaws are furnished with 

 four such chambers. These animals are those that are said to 

 chew the cud. In these animals the oesophagus extends from 

 the mouth downwards along the lung, from the midriff to the 

 big stomach [rumen, or paunch], and this stomach is rough 

 inside and semi-partitional. And connected with it near to the 

 entry of the oesophagus is what is 'called the kekryphalos 

 \reticulum, or honeycomb bag] ; for outside it is like the 

 stomach, but inside it resembles a netted cap ; and the kekry- 

 phalos is a good deal smaller than the big stomach? The 

 term kekryphalos was applied to the net that women wore over 

 their hair to keep it in order. ' Connected with this kekry- 

 phalos,' he continues, ' is the echinos [psalterium, or manyplies], 

 rough inside and laminated, and of about the same size as the 

 kekryphalos. Next after this comes what is called the enystron 

 [abomasum], larger and longer than the echinos, furnished 

 inside with numerous folds or ridges, large and smooth. After 

 all this comes the gut. . . .' x 'All animals that have horns, the 

 sheep for instance, the ox, the goat, the deer and the like, have 

 these several stomachs. . . . The several cavities receive the 

 food one from the other in succession : the first taking the 

 unreduced substances, the second the same when somewhat 

 reduced, the third when reduction is complete, and the fourth 

 when the whole has become a smooth pulp. . . .' 2 ' Such is the 

 stomach of those quadrupeds that are horned and have an un- 

 symmetrical dentition (u?j a//0w8o^ra) ; and these animals differ 

 one from another in the shape and size of the parts, and 

 in the fact of the oesophagus reaching the stomach central- 

 wise in some cases and sideways in others. Animals that are 

 furnished equally with teeth in both jaws (d/a^coSorra) have 



1 Historia ammaHum, ii. 17 ; 5O7 a 33. 



2 De partibus animalium, ii. 175 5o7 b 12. 



