EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 



477 



Circulation of protoplasm. Streaming 

 movement of protoplasm not only in a 

 primordial utricle but also along threads 

 passing from the utricle to a mass of 

 protoplasm investing the cell-nucleus in 

 the cavity of the cell. Comp. rotation. 



Circumscissile. Cut transversely and 

 circularly. 



Cladode. Branch consisting of one inter- 

 node counterfeiting a leaf. Same as 

 cladophyll. 



Cladophyll. Same as cladode and the 

 better term. 



Claw of petal. Petiole. 



Cleistocarp. Ascocarp in which the asci 

 and ascospores are formed inside a com- 

 pletely closed envelope from which the 

 ascospores escape by its final rupture. 

 In this book perithecium is used as 

 equivalent to cleistocarp. 



Cleistogamous. Flowers never expanding 

 and systematically self-fertilised are cleis- 

 togamous. 



Coenobium. Colony of independent or- 

 ganisms united by a common investment. 



Cohesion. Union of similar parts. Comp. 

 adhesion. 



Coleorhiza. Sheath investing the radicle 

 of some embryos through which roots 

 burst in germination. 



Collateral chorisis. See chorisis. 



Collateral vascular bundle. Vascular 

 bundle with a xylem and a phloem group 

 lying side by side. Comp. concentric. 



CoKimella. (a) In Myxomycetes : pro- 

 longation of its stalk into the interior of 

 the spore capsule to which capillitium 

 is attached. (6) In Muscineae : body of 

 sterile tissue in the middle of the capsule 

 around which the spore-sac is disposed. 

 (c] In Hymenophylleae : prolongation of 

 vein of leaf bearing a placenta. 



Common bundle. Vascular bundle which 

 runs for a certain distance in the stem 

 and then enters a leaf and thus belongs 

 in one part of its course to stem, 

 in another to leaf. Comp. cauline 

 bundle. 



Concentric vascular bundle. Vascular 

 bundle with the xylem group encircled by 

 the phloem group or the phloem group 

 encircled by the xylem group. Comp. 

 collateral. 



Conceptacle. In Fucaceae and Rhodo- 

 phyceae: special cavities on the surface 

 of the thallus in which sexual organs 

 or spores are produced. 



Conducting tissue. Loose cellular tissue 

 filling the canal of the style. 



Conidium. In Fungi: same as gonidium. 



Conjugation. Union of two gametes to 

 form a zygote. 



Connate-perfoliate. Opposite leaves 



cohering by their bases around a stem 

 are connate-perfoliate. 



Connective. Portion of filament of sta- 

 men uniting two lobes of an anther. 



Convolute. Rolled up inwards from one 

 side. 



Corolla. Second series of leaves (petals) of 

 the flower forming the inner floral envelope. 



Corolline. (a) Like or of the nature of 

 a corolla, (b] Belonging to a corolla. 



Corona. Whorl of ligules on petals either 

 united or free. 



Corpusculum. Central cell of arche- 

 gonium in Coniferae. 



Cortical sheath. In Dicotyledons and 

 Gymnosperms : whole of the protophloem 

 with intermediate portions of medullary 

 rays marking off the bast from the cortex 

 in a stem showing secondary thickening. 



Cortina. In Hymenomycetes : velum 

 partiale separating entirely from the stipe 

 and hanging as a membranous curtain 

 from the margin of the pileus. 



Cotyledon. First leaf of embryo. 



Craticular state. In Diatomaceae : resting 

 condition in which a pair of new valves 

 of different shape surrounds the proto- 

 plasm retracted from the old valves, the 

 space between the old and new valves 

 being filled with water. 



Crest on seeds. Localised outgrowth of 

 the seed-coat or funiculus, a form of aril. 



Cross-fertilisation. Impregnation of the 

 oosphere (ovum) in one flower by the 

 male gamete from another. Also used in 

 a wider sense to include cross-pollination 

 and sometimes in sense of cross-pollination 

 alone. 



Cross-pollination. Dusting of the stigma 

 of one flower with pollen from another. 



Crown in Characeae. Rosette of five or 

 ten cells at apex of nucule. 



Crustaceous. In Lichens : a thallus form- 

 ing a crust closely adherent to the sub- 

 stratum from which it cannot be separated 

 without injury is termed crustaceous. 



Cup. (a) In Ascomycetes : anapothecium. 

 (6} In Gasteromycetes : basal portion of 

 fructification. (c) In Phanerogams : 

 same as cupule. 



Cupule. Late outgrowth of floral axis 

 (developing after fertilisation) below a 

 flower or an inflorescence forming a more 

 or less complete envelope for the fruit or 

 fruits. 



Cyclic. Flowers in which the foliar struc- 

 tures are arranged in whorls are termed 

 by Braun cyclic. Comp. spiral. See 

 also eucyclic, acyclic, hemicyclic. 



Cyme. Monopodial branching in which 

 lateral shoots grow more vigorously than 

 and overtop their mother axis, the growth 

 of which soon ceases. 



