GFMNOSPERMA E. CONIFER A E. 339 



scales grow larger, unite by their sides and become wood}', while in Finns, Abies, 

 Cedrus, and Larix it is the seminiferous scales which increase greatly in size after 

 fertilisation, outgrow the bract-scales, become woody and form the ripe cones. In 

 all these cases, with the exception of Podocarpus, Gingko, and Taxus, the seed is 

 shut up close and tight within the scales ; it ripens inside the fruit, the parts of which 

 do not open or drop off, as in Abies pectinata, to allow of the dispersion of the seeds, 

 till they are fully ripe. 



Taxonomic Summary of the Coniferae. 



I. Araucariaceae. The female flowers form perfect cones ; scales of the cones 

 (sporophylls) either simple or with a basilar or axillary placental growth (seminiferous 

 scale), or furnished with outgrowths above the insertion of the ovules either before or 

 after fertilisation. 



1. ARAUCARIEAE. Scales of the cone (bract-scales) arranged spirally, simple 

 (without seminiferous scales), bearing the ovules on their base, free (Dammara] or 

 adhering ; ovules on the scales in numbers which vary in the different genera, one 

 in Dammara and Araucaria, three in Cunninghamm, anatropous ; no outgrowth 

 (Dammara), or only a small one on the scale above the ovule. 



2. TAXODINEAE. Scales of the cone (bract-scales) arranged spirally ; semini- 

 ferous scale present as an outgrowth from the bract-scale and more or less separate 

 from it ; in Sequoia and Arthrotaxis the ovules are moved upwards and on to the 

 seminiferous scale, at first orthotropous then anatropous. Taxodtum, Cryptomeria, 

 Glyptostrobus, Sequoia, Arthrotaxis, Widdringtonia. 



3. SCIADOPITYEAE. Scales of the cone (bract-scales) arranged spirally ; an 

 outgrowth (the seminiferous scale) is formed from and becomes larger than the bract ; 

 ovules moved upwards and on to the seminiferous scale, from six to nine, anatropous, 

 free . Sciadopitys. 



4. AEIETINEAE. Scales of the cone (bract-scales) in spirals ; in the axils of the 

 scales are formed placentae which increase greatly in size and assume the form of scales 

 (seminiferous scales), on which the ovules are placed in pairs. Abies, Larix, Picea, etc. 



5. CUPRESSINEAE. Monoecious or dioecious; scales of the cone (bract-scales) 

 in alternating whorls of two, three, or four members ; the ovules are on a slight 

 placental projection which arises in the axil of the bract-scale and does not develope 

 into a seminiferous scale, singly or in pairs or more together, orthotropous, free ; after 

 fertilisation a considerable enlargement is formed on the upper side of the bract-scale 

 above the ovules. Staminal leaves peltate in front through formation of indusium on 

 the under side. Embryo with two, rarely with three or nine cotyledons. Frenela, 

 Thuja, Biota, Libocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Callitris, Juniperus, Cupressus, Filzroya, 

 Diselma, Actinostrobtts. 



II. Taxaeeae. Always dioecious ; cones none or imperfect, ovules sometimes 

 terminal. Staminal leaves of different form, bearing two, three, or four to eight 

 dependent pollen-sacs. The ripe seed usually with a fleshy aril or with the outer layer 

 of the seed-coat fleshy. Embryo with two cotyledons. 



1. TAXINEAE. Ovules sometimes with rudimentary bracteoles. Taxus, Cepha- 

 lotaxus, Torreya, Gingko. 



2. PoDOCARPEAE. Ovules without bracteoles. Phyllocladus, Dacrydiunt, 

 Podocarpus, Microcachrys. 



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