LANDMARKS OF BOTANICAL HISTORY GREENE 141 



3. The existence of aerial roots, as being of the nature of roots, 

 and thus different from tendrils and other prehensile organs, was 

 discovered by him and has never since been disputed. 



4. He remarked upon the inconsistency of retaining in the 

 category of roots certain enlarged, solidified, jointed, and otherwise 

 peculiar underground parts ; a suggestion which lay unheeded during 

 two thousand years of botanical history, and has only recently led 

 to the open recognition of the category of subterranean stems. 



5. He recognized, by differences of size, solidity, and other par- 

 ticulars of structure, three classes of stems : the trunk, stalk, and culm. 



6. By never speaking of calyx and corolla as peculiar and 

 separate organs, but always referring to their parts as leaves 

 merely, it is evident he regarded the flower but as a metamorphosed 

 leafy branch ; to which forgotten Theophrastan philosophy of the 

 flower 1 neither Goethe nor Linnaeus had but returned, when each 

 supposed himself the discoverer of a new anthogeny. 



7. He divided the plant world into the two subkingdoms of the 

 flowering and the flowerless. 



8. The subkingdom of the flowering he again saw to be made 

 up of plants leafy-flowered and capillary-flowered; really the dis- 

 tinction between the petaliferous and the apetalous; one the deep 

 import of which was first realized and taken advantage of by the 

 systematists of some two centuries ago. 



9. He indicated the still more important differences of the hypo- 

 gynous, perigynous, and epigynous insertion of corolla and andrce- 

 cium. 



10. He distinguished between the centripetal and centrifugal in 

 inflorescences. 



11. He was first to use the term fruit in the technical sense. 

 as applying to every form and phase of seed encasement, seed 

 included; and gave to carpology the term pericarp. 



12. He- classified all seed plants as (a) angiospermous and (6) 

 gymnospermous . 



13. Respecting the texture and duration of their parts he 

 classified all plants as tree, shrub, half-shrub, and herb; also noted 

 that herbs were of perennial, biennial, or annual duration. 



14. He indicated with clearness several of those differences 

 in the structure of stems, leaves, and seeds by which the botany of 

 later times separates plants monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. 



15. He described the differences between the excrescent and 

 deliquescent in tree development. 



1 Reaffirmed and somewhat improved by Cesalpino in the year 1583. 



