ITS KINDS. 



301 



581. Gaultheria procnmbens, the aromatic Wintergreen (Fig. 

 651, 652), affords a good example of the first. Its seeming 

 berry (the checkerberry) , with summit crowned by the tips of 

 the calyx-lobes, well imitates the true 



berry of a Vaccinium, such as that of 

 Fig. G45. But it comes from a flower 

 with thin calyx, underneath and free 

 from the ovary. Its fruit is really 

 a capsule : in the process of fructi- 

 fication, the calyx enlarges, becomes 

 succulent, completely encloses the capsule or true fruit, yet 

 without adhering to it, and in ripening counterfeits a red 

 berry. So in Shepherdia, or Buffalo Berry, the seeming sarco- 

 carp of a drupe is really a free calyx, accrescent and succulent, 

 enclosing an akene. So, also, the apparent acheniurn or nut of 

 Mirabilis, or Four-o'clock, and of its allies, 

 is the thickened and indurated base of the 

 tube of a free calyx, which contracts at the 

 apex and encloses the true pericarp (a utricle 

 or thin akene) , but does not cohere with it. 



582. Likewise the torus, although not con- 

 spicuous, may be said to be an accessory part 

 of the aggregate fruit of the Blackberry or 

 Bramble (579) : it becomes the solely con- 

 spicuous and the sole edible part of a straw- 

 berry (389, Fig. 406, 653), the akenes or 

 true fruits dispersed over the surface being 

 apparently insignificant. Equally in man}' 



multiple fruits the conspicuous flesh belongs to receptacle (either 

 torus or rhachis), to calyx, or even in part to bracts, or to all 

 these parts combined, as in a pine-apple. 



583. Multiple or Collective Fruits l are those which result from 

 the ao-o-regation of several flowers into one mass. The simplest 



OCT O 



of these are those of the Partridge-Berry (Mitchella, Fig. 467), 



1 Collective is the preferable name. The term multiple was applied by 

 DeCamlolle to what are here (following Lintlley) called a^jrcijtitf fruits ; 

 and the (tyr/reyate fruits of DeCandolle are here called multi/>/< or collect ice. 

 Moreover, the distinction between accessory or anthocarpous and collective 

 or multiple fruits was not recognized by Lindley, who combined the two 

 in his original " Introduction to Botany." In this work four classes are 

 given : 1. Fruit simple, APOCARPI ; 2. Fruit aggregate, AGGREGATI ; 



FIG. 651. Forming capsule of Gaultheria procumbens. with enlarging calyx partly 

 covering it. 652. Same, more advanced, and in longitudinal section . 



FIG. 653. Vertical section of half a strawberry. Compare with Fig. 406. 



