4 THE WANDERINGS OF ANIMALS [OH. 



by E. A. W. Zimmermann of Brunswick, whose large 

 volume Specimen Zoologiae Geographicae Quadru- 

 pedum deals in a statistical way with the mammals. 

 In the following year appeared the Philosophia 

 Entomologica by J. C. Fabricius of Kiel, who was 

 the first to divide the world into eight regions. In 

 1803 G. R. Treviranus of Gottingen devoted a long 

 chapter of his great Biologic to a philosophical and 

 coherent treatment of the distribution of the whole 

 animal kingdom. Remarkable progress was made 

 by F. Tiedemann of Heidelberg, whose Anatomic 

 und Naturgeschichte der Vocgel, 1810, deals with 

 some of the most subtle and fundamental causes of 

 distribution, for instance the influence of environ- 

 ment, distribution and migration upon the structure 

 of birds. None of the many subsequent writers seem 

 to have known of the ingenious way in which 

 Tiedemann marshalled his statistics in order to arrive 

 at general conclusions. The entomologist Latreille 

 of Paris proposed the view that temperature was 

 the main factor in distribution. This was combated 

 in 1822 by Desmoulins of Bordeaux, who in a most 

 suggestive paper introduced the idea of 'analogous 

 centres of creation,' meaning that similar groups of 

 creatures may have arisen independently in different 

 parts of the world. The first book dealing with the 

 'geography and classification' of the whole animal 

 kingdom, was written by W. Swainson in 1835, but 



