v] ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY 81 



as follows. There were two huge masses of land, a 

 high Southland extending from South America across 

 Ethiopia and India to Australia, and a low North- 

 land comprising Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia and 

 Siberia. These two lands were separated by a broad 

 Mediterranean sea, an east and west extension of the 

 Pacific basin. Nothing is known about the antarctic 

 regions. Two new features are indicated in Carbo- 

 Permian times ; joining of the north- and southland 

 somewhere between South-East Europe and Africa, 

 perhaps by emergence of South-West Asia ; isolation 

 of North America with Greenland from the Europe- 

 Siberian mass during the whole of the Permian. 

 With the Trias this connexion is restored, but towards 

 the close of this epoch Siberia becomes isolated, the 

 European sea communicating with the Pacific to the 

 north of India ; another lower Triassic land con- 

 nexion of Western, Atlantic, Europe, with North- West 

 Africa is also lost. With the later Jurassic a com- 

 plete rearrangement has taken place. There are 

 three separate masses of land : a northern Atlantic 

 land, namely North America with North Europe ; 

 a Siberian-East Asia-Australian mass, and a so-called 

 Gondwanaland proper, namely South America with 

 Africa-Madagascar and India. The old Southland has 

 been severed in two. Great changes have been effected 

 during the Cretaceous, at least they become now 

 for the first time discernible : connexion of W T estern 

 G. 6 



