82 THE WANDERINGS OF ANIMALS [CH. 



North America with a Western South America, con- 

 tinued across the Antarctic to Australia which is still 

 joined to Eastern Asia and Siberia, the latter con- 

 tinuous with North America but separated from 

 Europe. Consequently an enormous ring of land 

 encircles Gondwanaland which, it must be noted, is 

 quite separated. During the Upper Cretaceous, 

 Siberia joins Europe and Canada, but North America 

 is divided into an east and west. Severance of Chile- 

 Patagonia from the rest of now consolidated South 

 America. Severance of Australia from Asia. Conse- 

 quently there is now a greater antarctic complex, 

 from Chile to Australia, whilst the rest of the world 

 forms a huge ring with a gap through North America. 

 During the earlier half of the Tertiary epoch the 

 North American, European and Siberian lands sepa- 

 rate and rejoin variously, continuous perhaps across 

 the polar sea, sometimes transversely. Antarctica 

 separates from America and from Australia. Gond- 

 wanaland breaks up. India becomes for a while an 

 island. Ethiopia becomes isolated owing to the 

 Mediterranean joining the Indian Ocean, and on 

 the other side joining the South Atlantic, thereby 

 severing Ethiopia from South America, which how- 

 ever still remains connected with North- West Africa. 

 Next the African continent is consolidated ; the 

 North and South Atlantic Oceans become confluent 

 and South America is isolated. During the Miocene 



