133 THE WANDERINGS OF ANIMALS [OH. 



Deer. 



Modern deer, ruminants with yearly-shed antlers, 

 are of exclusively Eurasian origin, and the first 

 brockets were developed in mid-Miocene times. 

 They are absent from Australasia, Madagascar, Africa 

 south of Barbary and the Antilles. 



Stags (Cervus) existed, since the Pliocene in 

 Europe and Asia, whence the wapiti spread into 

 America with the Pleistocene. Somewhat earlier 

 immigrants produced there the slightly different 

 American deer, Cariacw, which now extends from 

 the States to Patagonia. 



Reindeer, elk or moose are circumpolar. The 

 roebuck, Capreolus, is Eurasian. 



The peculiar prongbuck, Antilocapra,of the south- 

 west States and tableland of Mexico has no deciduous 

 antlers but sheds the horny sheaths of the bony cores. 

 In this respect it is intermediate between deer, the 

 giraffe (now African, with related genera in Pliocene 

 Greece and India) and the following tribe : 



Cattle and Antelopes. 



Hollow-horned ruminants with a permanent horny 

 sheath to the bony core of the horns, appear first in 

 Eurasian Miocene. Omitting the arctic musk-ox, the 

 whole tribe of oxen, sheep, goats and antelopes live 

 in the Old World, with few exceptions : the Rocky 



