106 THE WANDERINGS OF ANIMALS [OH. 



to breed in the northern temperate zone. They are 

 entirely absent from North America, but South 

 America possesses one kind of Ciconia, besides the 

 Jabiru-stork which has its other relations in Africa, 

 India and Australia. Both marabous and adjutants 

 are Indo- African. 



Flamingoes began to evolve out of stork-like birds 

 in the Lower Miocene, e.g. Palaelodus of France. 

 Now they inhabit lagoons and inland lakes of Africa, 

 Madagascar, India and tropical America, including 

 the West Indian Islands. The common African species 

 has summer colonies in Andalusia and near the mouth 

 of the Rhone. 



D-ucks, Swans and Geese are quite cosmopolitan 

 groups. Spur- winged geese or tree-ducks range from 

 tropical America, through Africa and Madagascar to 

 India, but are absent from the Australian countries. 



The ancient Palamedeae, crested screamers or 

 chiijas, are restricted to South America. 



Limicolae. Many of the plovers, sandpipers and 

 so forth, being shore-birds are great migrants and 

 rather closely allied to each other ; they are more or 

 less cosmopolitan and do not yield any important 

 geographical results. 



Thick-knees or stone-curlews (Oedicneimis) are 

 absent from North America, Central Asia and 

 New Zealand. The ' Painted Snipes ' (Rhynchaea) 

 range from Africa and Madagascar to Formosa and 



