CHAP, ii.] Organs from Cesalpino to Linnaeus. 95 



The ' caudex ' answers pretty nearly to our primary root 

 and rhizomes, the ' radicula ' to what we now call secondary 

 roots. 



The herb springs from the root, and is terminated by 

 the fructification ; it consists of the stem, leaves, leaf-supports 

 ('fulcrum'), and the organs of hibernation (' hibernaculum '). 

 Then follow the further distinctions of stem and leaves ; 

 the terminology, still partly in use and resting essentially 

 on the definitions of Jung, is here set forth in great detail. 

 Linnaeus however does not mention the remarkable dis- 

 tinction between stem and leaf which Jung founded on 

 relations of symmetry, and in general he shows less depth 

 of conception than Jung, confining himself more to the 

 direct impression on the senses, and so distinguishing some- 

 times where there is no real difference. Examples of this 

 are furnished by the paragraph devoted to 'fulcra.' By this 

 term he designates the subsidiary organs of plants, among 

 which he reckons stipules, bracts, spines, thorns, tendrils, 

 glands, and hairs. It appears from this, that Linnaeus did not 

 extend the idea of the leaf ('folium') to stipules and bracts, and 

 the examples he gives of tendrils show at the same time that 

 he was ignorant of the different morphological character of the 

 organ in Vitis and Pisum. The putting the seven organs 

 above-named together under the idea of * fulcrum ' shows plainly 

 enough that Linnaeus, in framing his terminology, aimed only 

 at distinguishing what was different to the sense by fixed 

 words, in order to obtain means for short diagnoses of species 

 and genera. He had no thought of arriving at more general 

 propositions from a comparison of forms in plants, in order to 

 attain to a deeper insight into their nature. The same thing 

 appears from his notion of 'hibernaculum,' by which he under- 

 stands a part of the plant which envelopes the stem in its 

 embryonal state and protects it from harm from without ; he 

 here distinguishes bulbs from the winter buds of woody plants. 

 In this course of mixing up morphological and biological 



