138 Development of the Natural System under [BOOKI. 



round which individual forms are grouped as crystals round 

 their parent form, De Candolle was quite consistent in his 

 views. The mode of representation came to prevail in the 

 vegetable kingdom which De Candolle's contemporary, Cuvier, 

 an equally sturdy defender of the dogma of constancy, had 

 introduced in the animal kingdom as the type-theory. Thus 

 the most splendid results obtained by induction were united 

 in the case of De Candolle with the barren dogma of the 

 constancy of species, which, as Lange wittily remarks, comes 

 direct from Noah's ark, to form an intimate mixture of truth 

 and error ; nor did De Candolle's many adherents succeed in 

 unravelling the coil, though they removed the chief errors from 

 his system and introduced many improvements. 



To these remarks may be appended a table of the main 

 divisions of De Candolle's system of 1819, which so far as it is 

 presented in linear arrangement he calls expressly an artificial 

 system. 



I. Vascular plants or plants with cotyledons. 



1. Exogens or Dicotyledons. 



A. With calyx and corolla : 

 Thalamiflorals (polypetalous hypogynous), 

 Calyciflorals (polypetalous perigynous), 

 Corolliflorals (gamopetalous). 



B. Monochlamydeous plants (with a single floral envelope). 



2. Endogens or Monocotyledons. 



A. Phanerogams (true Monocotyledons), 



B. Cryptogams (vascular Cryptogams including Naiadeae). 



II. Cellular plants or Acotyledons. 



A. With leaves (Muscineae), 



B. Without leaves (Thallophytes). 



The number of families, with Linnaeus 67, with A. L. de 

 Jussieu 100, was increased by De Candolle to 161. 



