192 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XIII, 



elsewhere in this class of fertilizer ; in this Presidency Dr. Lehniann finds 

 an average of 34-56 per cent (Report for 1906). English reports give for 

 fish guano in general about 6'g per cent N and 7 per cent PA ; 

 Dr. Lehmann's Mysore analyses up to 1905 gave an average of about 

 6 per cent N and 5 per cent PA, the highest percentage of N being 872 

 and the lowest 3-95 ; the samples giving the highest (bungara, mackerel) 

 and lowest (sardine) rates were neither of them "adulterated" and 

 apparently both were merely sun-dried ; the low percentages of N as 

 compared with Japanese are probably due to the large percentage of oil- 

 Subsequent analyses gave lower rates owing to the excessive proportion of 

 sand. One Japanese sample of fish guano prepared merely from refuse 

 (heads, tails, backbones, offal, skin, etc.) yielded when dried in a water 

 oven, 7-85 per cent water, 6'i5 N and 7*64 PA, a very good outturn for the 

 class of material. 



(103) Amount and value. — The 21st Statistical Report gives for 

 1904 the quantity offish manure manufactured as 36,278,000 kwam equal 

 to 3,627,800 Indian maunds or 299,293,000 lb. or 133,600 tons. The 

 value is entered as io'27 million yen or just 3'5 kwam per yen or 19*25 lb. 

 per rupee; these appear to be manufacturing or wholesale prices, for, 

 as shown above, the town market price in 1904 was below 14 lb. per rupee. 

 Hence the price paid in the markets was about 30 per cent higher. At 

 the average of 10 per cent N and 4 per cent PA, there would be about 

 13,360 tons N and 5,345 tons PA, or 1,336,000 and 534,500 units, 

 respectively, worth at English rates £668,000 and £8c,ooo, or £748,000 

 in the aggregate. Hence, neglecting the small value of the other 

 constituents, the Japanese were paying per unit for N and P.\ at least 

 50 per cent above English rates and considerably above those fixed by 

 Dr. Lehmann as fair Indian rates. Compared with the cost of N in X 

 it will be noticed that 200 kwam of X contain 9-5 lb. of N and, if pur- 

 chased, cost the farmer something over 2 yen, while 12 kwam or 100 lb. 

 of fish containing about the same amount of N cost about 3*4 yen at 3*5 

 kwam per yen or 4"8 yen at 2*5 kwam per yen. Hence as stated above, X 

 is by far the cheapest nitrogenous manure and its true money value 

 estimated in terms of N has probably been understated. 



(104) Proiiictive value 1,336,000 units of N will suffice for about 



1,200,000,000 lb. of grain at 900 lb. per unit plus 1,650,000,000 lb. 

 of straw, and since the PA amounts to 534,500 units or 11,972,000 lb. 

 which at 105 lb. per crop of 900 lb. suffices for a grain crop of 

 1,026,000,000 lb., the PA in fish manure is nearly sufficient for the N. 

 These figures show that the manure supplied by fish, though large in itself, 



