CARELIA. 101 



Laminella, Newcombia and Leptachatina" (W. G. Binney). 

 Centrals much narrower than the laterals with a relatively 

 very small tricuspid reflection. Lateral teeth with the inner 

 cusp as long as the basal-plate, ectocone small as usual. 

 Marginal teeth with the ectocone bifid. 



Type C. bicolor (Jay). Distribution, Islands of Kauai and 

 Niihau. 



Carelia was proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams for 

 the species bicolor, cochlea, fuliginea, newoonibi and para- 

 doxa, and placed in the genus Achatina next to Homorus. 

 The first of'these species was selected as type by von Martens, 

 who retains the genus in practically the same position. 

 Gulick in 1873 removed it to the Achatinellina, a position 

 confirmed by Binney 's examination of the teeth, and ap- 

 proved by all subsequent students. A full account of the 

 soft anatomy is still wanting. 



The genus contains the largest land snails of the Hawaiian 

 group. We have but little information upon their distri- 

 bution in Kauai, and no real advance in knowledge of the 

 races can be made until the results of field work in that 

 island are accessible. 



According to Pease, "The species of Carelia are commonly 

 found on the sides of precipitous rocks of the mountains, 

 under stones and trunks of dead trees. They do not live 

 in large numbers; one finds solitary individuals, or pairs. 

 All of them are rare, even in the places where they are most 

 often found. C. adusta Gld. is the only exception in this 

 respect." (Pease, J. de C. 1870, 402.) 



"The young are similar to the young of Kauaia and of 

 most of the true AcJiatinellidcp in general aspect, but they 

 retain an angulated base and primitive aspect until a late 

 substage of the neanic in some primitive species like C. bicolor, 

 adusta and sinclairi. These resemble the adult whorls of 

 Kauaia kauaiensis except in having angulated instead of 

 carinated basal volutions and the small but still open um- 

 bilicus. The derivation appears therefore to have been from 

 some form having angulated base, convex dorsal sides and 

 general form of the full grown shells of Kauaia, but this was 



