96 PHYSOSTOMI. 



p. 160, pi. Ivi, f. 266; Donovan, Brit. Fishes, iv, pi. \xxxv ; Risso, Ich. Nice, 

 p. 322 and Eur. Merid. iii, p. 460 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 181 ; Jardine, Edin. New 

 Phil. Journal, xviii, p. 51 and Salmonidse, t. v-xii ; Richards. Fann. Bor. Amer. 

 p. 144, pi. xcii, fig. 3; Jenyns, Manual, p. 424; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, p. 304, 

 t. xxx, and Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 144, t. xxx ; Kroyer, Dan. Fiske, ii, p. 625, 

 c. fig. ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. p. 415 ; White, Catal. p. 77 ; Gunther, Catal. vi, 

 p. 59 ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 152 ; Giglioli, Catal. Pesc. Ital. p. 44 ; Steind. 

 Ak. Wiss. Wien. liii, 1866, p. 203. 



Salmo trutta, Lacepede, v, p. 189. 



Salmo fario, var. Forestensis, Bl. Schn. p. 400. 



Salar ausonii, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 319. 



Fario lemanus, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 300, pi. 617. 



Trutta fario, Siehold, Suss. w. f. p. 319 ; Canestrini, Fauna d'ltalia, Pesci, 

 p. 24 ; Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, p. 533. 



Variety a. Salmo orcadensis, Plate CXIV, fig. 1. 



The Salmon, Low, Fauna Oread, p. 220. 



Salmo orcadensis, Gunther, Catal. vi, p. 91 ; Houghton, Brit. Freshwater 

 Fishes, p. 121, c. fig. 



" Mr. Low says, in the Loch of Stenness, Orkneys, is found the gray trout : 

 also a trout of 36 lb. weight or more, along with the common trout, occurs both 

 there and in Zetland." This large form Richardson considered to be Salmo ferox, 

 and Gunther a new species which he termed S. orcadensis. This loch is the largest 

 in the Orkneys, about 9 miles long and 1| broad, fresh in the upper portion, 

 brackish or even salt in the lower. Dr. Gunther defines this fish as " a non- 

 migratory trout," very similar to S. nigripinnis, but distinguished from it by a 

 broader and stronger maxillary, larger scales on the tail and a greater number 

 (50) of pyloric appendages, instead of from 36 to 42, while S. ferox has at least 49. 

 The teeth along the body of the vomer form a single or double row which are 

 more or less persistent. Richardson was evidently correct in associating it with 

 S. ferox possessing saline proclivities. 



Variety b. Salmo ferox, Plate CXVI, fig. 1, monstrosity. 



Salmo lacustris, Berkenhout's Sjm. Ed. 1795, i, p. 79, sp. 3. 



Salmo ferox, Jardine, Ency. Brit. (ed. 7) Art. Angling, p. 142, and Edin. New 

 Phil. Journal, xviii, p. 55, and Salm. pi. iv ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 425 ; Yarrell, 

 (ed. 1) ii, p. 60, c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 110 (ed. 3) i, p. 288 ; Richards. Fauna Bor.- 

 Amer. Fish, p. 144; ISilss. Skan. Faun. p. 412; White, Catal. p. 78; Gunther, 

 Catal. vi, p. 92. 



Salar ferox, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p 338. 



Lalce trout or Buddagh, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, p. 222. 



This seems to be a trout which has taken on cannibal propensities (see 

 page 94) and its food appears to bo almost exclusively fish. It attains a large 

 size, while Richardson alluded to a variety occurring in Loch Lojal, in Sutherland, 

 of a purplish brown above, blackish gray beneath, and the entire body covered 

 with dark sepia-coloured spots, smallest below the lateral-line. It is known as 

 .lliiildagh or " big fat fellow " in Lough Neagh and some parts of Ireland (Harris, 

 Hist. Co. Down, 1744, p. 236), and is said to be a deep water form confined to 

 lakes, seldom wandering to rivers or to the sea, mostly taken by trolling, though 

 sometimes with a fly. It has been known to return a second or third time to the 

 bait even after it has been dragged 40 or 50 yards. It ascends a short distance 

 up rivers to spawn : Thompson found one from 10 to 12 lb. weight contained 

 4620 ova. Its flesh is of a dull orange colour and generally coarse. It has been 

 found in the lochs of the north of Scotland and as far south as Ulswater and 

 Derwentwater : also Llanberris in Wales, and in many Irish lakes as Lough 

 Neagh, L. Melvin, L. Eske, L. Erne, and most of the larger ones. 



Among our earlier British ichthyologists we find that Berkenhout termed the 



