CYPRINID^E. 179 



(Ed. 1776) iii, p. 368, pi. lxxiii (Ed. 1812) iii, pi. 485, pi. Ixxxiv. Gyprinus, sp. 

 Artedi, Gen. p. 12, no. 12, Synon. p. 7, no. 10 ; Gronov. Zooph. p. 105, no. 334. 



Cyprinus cephalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 527; Gmel. Linn. p. 1417; Shaw, 

 Zool. v, t. 226 ; Jenyns, Man. p. 411 ; Fries and Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 67 ; Gronov. 

 ed. Gray, p. 184. 



Cyprinus idus, Bloch, Fische Deuts. i, p. 253, t. xxxvi ; Bl. Schn. p. 439. 



Cyprinus chub, Bonn. Ency. Ich. p. 195, pi. lxxvii, f. 323 ; Lacep. v, p. 606 ; 

 Risso, Ich. Nice, p. 363. 



Cyprinus jeses, Donovan, Brit. Fish, v, pi. cxv ; Turton, p. 109 ; Fries and Ekstr. 

 1. c. pi. xiii ; Jurine, Poiss. LacLeman, in Mem. Genev. iii, p. 207, pi. xi ; 

 Schlegel, Dieren Neder. p. 115, pi. xi, f. 3. 



Cyprinus dobula, Nilss. Prod. p. 26 ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 185. 



Gardonus cephalus, Bonap. Cypr. Eur. p. 8. 



Leuciscus cephalus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 187 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. (ed. 1) i, p. 358, 

 c. fig. (ed. 2) i, p. 409 (ed. 3) i, p. 421 ; Kroyer, Danm. Fisk. iii, p. 482, c. fig. ; 

 White, Catal. p. 65 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 220 ; Collett, Norges Fisk. p. 181 ; 

 Malm, Fauna, p. 561 ; Giglioli, Catal. Pesc. Ital. p. 44. 



Leuciscus dobula, Agassiz, Mem. Neuch. i, p. 38; Cuv. and Val. xvii, p. 172. 



Leuciscus frigidus and squalius, Cuv. and Val. xvii, pp. 191, 194. 



Leuciscus latifrons, Nilss. Skand. Fauna, iv, p. 309. 



Squalius dobula, meunier, cephalus, thyberinus, cavedanus and albus, Heckel and 

 Kner, and Heckel. 



Leuciscus cavedanus, tiberinus, pareti, squalus, albus, Bonap. Fauna Ital. Pesc. 



Tinea cephalus, Swainson, ii, p. 285. 



Squalius meridionalis and clathratus, Blanchard, Poiss. France, pp. 396, 398. 



Squalius cephalus, Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, p. 422. 



Chub, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, p. 44, pi. cxc. 



Hybrids with Alburnus lucidus (see p. 180). 



Leuciscus dolabratus, Holandre, Fauna Depart. Moselle, 1836, p. 248; Cuv, and 

 Val. xvii, p. 248. 



Abramis dobuloides, Gunther, Wiirt. Jahr. 1857, p. 50, t. ii. 



Alburnus tauricus, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1859, p. 534. 



B. iii, D. 11 (|), P. 16-17, V. 9-10, A. 10-12 ( T ^), C. 19, L. 1. 43-48, L. tr. 71-8/6. 



Length of head 4 to 5, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 4 in the total length. 

 Eyes diameter of each h\ to 6 times in the length of the head, 2 diameters from 

 the end of the snout, and 3 to 4 apart. Snout obtuse. Mouth rather deep, the upper 

 jaw slightly overlapping the lower, and the posterior extremity of the maxilla 

 reaching to beneath the front edge of the eye. The hindermost bone of the 

 suborbital ring the largest. Teeth pharyngeal teeth pointed and hooked at their 

 extremities (in some slightly denticulated), 5, 2-2, 5. Fins the dorsal commences 

 midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin, its height 

 exceeds by one-third the extent of its base. Pectoral as long as the head 

 excluding the snout. Ventral inserted on a line slightly anterior to the origin of 

 the dorsal fin, its length equalling about half of that of the head. Lateral-line 

 slightly concave, 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. 

 Colours mudd} r bluish or greenish colour along the upper surface of the head and 

 body, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath. Dorsal and caudal fins dusky 

 or greenish and externally dark; ventrals and anal bluish white tinged with red. 

 Cheeks dashed with red and gold. 



Navies. In several languages the size and width of its head appear to have 

 furnished materials for its name, chub being derived from the Anglo-Saxon term 

 copp, "a head." Large-headed dace; loggerhead. Shelly in the north having 

 reference, it is said, to the large size of its scales, while it is also suggested it may 

 be a modification of skully, referring to its head. Chevin and chevenden, possibly 

 from the French " chef," a head. Penci and Cochgangen, Welsh. Le Ghevaine 

 commun ou Meunier, French. 



Habits. Frequents deep holes in the more rapid rivers, preferring a sandy, 

 gravelly, or marly bottom. During the summer months, after recovering from 



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