6 ANACANTHINI. 



Sclionev. p. 62. Pleuronectes, sp. Artecli, Synon. p. 31, no. 3, and Gen. p, 17. 

 no. 3 ; Gronov. Zooph. no. 247. Passer, sp. Klein, Pise. Miss, iv, p. 33, no. 2. 

 Helleflynder, Pontop. Norg. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 220 ; Strom. Sdndm. i, p. 300. 

 Hippoglossus Eondeletii, Rutty, Co. Dublin, 1772, i, p. 350. Halibut, Pennant, 

 Brit. Zool. (ed. 1776) iii, p. 226 (ed. 1812) iii, p. 302. Fletcm, Duhamel, Peches, 

 ii, sect, ix, p. 271, pi. vii, f. 1. The Holibut, Low, Fauna Oread, p. 211. 



Pleuronectes hippoglossus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 4-56 ; Bloeh, t. xlvii ; Bl. 

 Schn. p. 147 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1227 ; Lacep. iv, p. 601 ; Bonnaterre, Ency. Ich. 

 p. 74, pi. xxxix, f. 156; Donovan, Brit. Fish, iv, pi. lxxv ; Shaw, Zool. iv, 

 p. 295 ; Pallas, Zoogr. Roos. As. iii, p. 421 ; Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 95 ; Faber, 

 Fisehe Isl. p. 148; Gronov. ed Gray, p. 87 ; Schlegel, Dieren Neder. p. 173, 

 pi. xv, f. 1. 



Hippoijlossus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 199; Jenyns, Man. p. 460; Yarrell, 

 Brit. Fish. (Ed. 1) ii, p. 230, c. fig. (Ed. 2) ii, p. 321 (Ed. 3) i, p. 630; 

 Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, p. 372 and Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 212 ; Templeton, 

 Mag. Nat. Hist, 1837 (2) i, p. 411 ; Johnston, Berwick. Nat. Hist. Club, 1838, 

 i, p. 174 ; De Kay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 294, pi. xlix, f. 157'; White, Catal. 

 p. 101 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist, Ireland, iv, p. 199 ; Giinther, Catal. iv, p. 403 ; 

 Malgr. GEfv. Sven. Yet. Akad. Forh. 1865, p. 527 ; Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nov. 

 Scot. Inst. Nat, Sci. ii, 2, 1869, p. 20 ; Collett, Norges Fiske, p. 134 ; Mcintosh, 

 Fish. St. Andrew's, p. 179 ; Winther, Ich. Dan. Mar. p. 36 ; Moreau, Poiss. 

 France, iii, p. 287 (? Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. 1859, p. 30). 



Ptippoglossus maximus, Gottsche, Wiegm. Arch. 1835, p. 164 ; Kroyer, Dan. 

 Fisk. ii, p. 381, c. fig. ; Nilsson, Skan. Fauna, iv, p. 631. 



Hippoglossus gigas, Swainson, Fishes, ii, p. 302 ; Bonap. Pesc. Eur. 47. 



Hippoglossus IAnnei, Malm, p. 508. 



Holibut, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iii, p- 149, pi, clix. 



B. vii, D. 99-107, P. 14-18, Y. 6, A. 73-82, C. 15-18, Ccec. pyl. 4, Vert. 16/34. 



Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 6^, height of body 3 to 3 \ in the total length. 



Eye diameter 5| to 6 in the length of the head and nearly or quite equals the 



extent of the snout, and from f to 1 diameter apart ; anteriorly the two eyes reach 



to the same level ; interorbital space smooth, scaleless. The greatest height of the 



head does not quite equal its length. Lower jaw prominent ; the posterior extremity 



of the maxilla reaches to beneath the middle or hind edge of the orbit ; the length 



of the maxilla equals about 1/3 of that of the head. Teeth conical, in the 



anterior two-thirds of the upper jaw in two rows, the outer consisting of distantly 



separated and large ones : posteriorly a single row ; in the lower jaw six to eight 



distantly placed conical ones ; none on the palate or tongue. Fins the dorsal 



commences above the first third or middle of the upper orbit, and terminates before 



it reaches the caudal fin, the length of the interspace being equal to the depth of the 



free portion of the tail ; all the rays are simple and unbranched except the last few ; 



the highest rays are about its centre where they equal about one-third that of the 



body beneath them, the anterior and posterior rays are short. Pectoral on the coloured 



side half as long as the head, slightly shorter on the blind side ; Yentral short, 



being scarcely half the length of the pectoral, while it does not quite reach to above 



the commencement of the anal, which latter fin is low at first but at about the end of 



its first third the rays become so long as to be equal to at least 1/3 of that of the 



body above it, the fin terminates beneath the end of the dorsal, its last few rays 



bifurcated. Caudal emarginate. Scales minute, and cycloid over the body and 



head on the coloured side and some on the end of the maxilla, none between the 



rays of the dorsal and anal fins. Blind side of body scaled. No spine in front of 



the anal fin. Lateral-line anteriorly curved above the pectoral fin, the height 



of the curve being about equal to one-fourth of its length. Gill-raliers 



compressed, wide but short, the length of each not being equal to half that of the 



orbit. Colours right or coloured side of an olive marbled all over with darker : 



fins similarly coloured except in the young, when the basal halves of the dorsal 



and anal are light coloured. 



Names. Said by Ray (1713) to have been termed but, also turbid or turbot. 



