INDEX — GLOSSARY 



441 



Pteropods, 243, 248, 248; absence of 



shell in some, 243. 

 Pterosauria, 337, 364-365; bones hol- 

 low, 364 ; geologic range of, 365 ; size 



of, 365 ; wings of, 364. 

 Pterosaurs, see Pterosauria. 

 Pterygotus, 313. 

 Ptyctodonts, 343. 

 Pubis, of birds, 372 ; of cat, 325, 328 ; of 



reptiles, 360, 367. 

 Pulmonata, the pulmonate gastropods. 

 Pulmonate gastropods, 242, 243, 244. 

 Pulmonates, the pulmonate gastropods. 

 Punctate, covered with minute pits; 



appearance, cause of, 189. 

 Pupa case, 318. 



Pupil of the vertebrate ej^e, 334. 

 Pustule, a minute blister-like elevation. 

 Pustulose, covered with pustules or small 



blisters, see glabella of Phacops, 2q8. 

 Pygidium, the portion of the dorsal shield 



in trilobites covering the abdomen, 



286, 287, 291, 295, 296. 

 Pyritization, 12. 

 Python, hind limbs in, 328 ; hip bone in, 



328. 

 Pythonomorphs, 367; evolution of, 367 ; 



habitat of, 367. 



Quadrate bone, 339, 367. 

 Quahog, 208. 

 Quaternary, 407. 



Rabbits, 382. 



Raccoons, 381 ; evolution of, 381. 



Radial plates, in blastoids, 138. 



Radial symmetrj', with the individual 

 parts arranged symmetrically around 

 a central axis, as in the starfish, 150 ; 

 in Ccelenterata, 108, log, 123; in 

 Echinodermata, 130, 164, 167, 170. 



Radiale bone, in turtles, 366. 



Radiolaria, 84, 93-94, 93. 



Radiolarian ooze, 94. 



Radius, of birds, 370, 372 ; of cat, 325, 

 327; of mammals, 383, 394; in 

 reptiles, 338, 360, 362, 366, 367. 



Radula, 236 ; in carnivorous gastropods, 

 243 ; in gastropods, 236 ; in herbivor- 

 ous gastropods, 243. 



Rafinesquina, 188, 189, 195-196, 197; 

 R. alternata, 196, 196. 



Rain-drop impressions, fossil, 21. 



Raphidioidea, 319. 



Rats, 381, 382. 



Recapitulation, in birds, 371, 373; in 

 brachiopods, 200 ; in caudal (tail) fins, 

 341; in eurypterids, 313; in gastro- 

 pods, 240, 247 ; in higher mammals, 

 326; in Hoadzin, 371, 373; in 

 Homarus, 307 ; in horse, 394 ; in 

 incisor teeth of mammals, 332 ; in leg 

 bones of modern birds, 372 ; in lobster, 

 307 ; in Merychippus, 394 ; in mol- 

 lusks, 231; in number of ribs, 326; 

 in Pecten, 231-232; in Pentacrinus, 

 162 ; in Platystrophia, 200 ; in Scorpio, 

 310; in toad and frog, 353; in Vermic- 

 ular ia, 247 ; use of, in restoration of 

 animals, 19. 



Rectum, 330. 



Reculoidea, 318. 



Red-deer, arrival in North America, 375. 



Redwood, 73. 



Reef -building corals, 130. 



Reindeer, arrival in North America, 375. 



Relationship between the soft body and 

 hard shell, 18, 193. 



Renieria, 97. 



RensselcBria, igo, 192, 202. 



Repetition of ancestral characters, see 

 recapitulation. 



Reproduction, in Algae, 30 ; in ^ rticeba, 

 87 ; in bacteria, 30 ; in Cycas, 66 ; in 

 Foraminifera, 89; in graptolites, 115; 

 in Hydrozoa, no; in plants, 30; in 

 Protozoa, 87, 88, 89 ; see also the 

 various classes. 



Reproductive stage, in plants, 43 ; in 

 pteridophytes, 45 ; in seed plants, 56 ; 

 in spermatophytes, 56. 



Reptiles, 354-369; see also snakes; 

 dominance of, 354 ; exoskeleton of, 

 354; flying, 337, 364; geologic range 

 of, 409 ; habitat of, 354 ; number of 

 digits in, 328; respiration of, 354; 

 subdivision of, 355 ; swimming, 355, 



356,357, 358, 365, 367- 

 Reptilia, 354-369 ; see reptiles and 



snakes. 

 Resilifer, 221. 

 Resilium, 190, 221, 223. 

 Resorption, the act of absorbing again ; 



see absorption. 



