928 CARDUACEAE 



brown-purple, 1-3 cm. long; receptacle in fruit 2-4 cm. long. L. columnaris 

 (Sims) T. & G. Plains: Sask. Tenn Tex. Ariz. B.C. Plain Submont. 

 My-S. 



70. GALINSOGA R. & P. 



Annual leafy-stemmed herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled, toothed. Heads 

 radiate, small. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric; bracts imbricate in 2 

 series, thin. Receptacle conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers few, pistillate, fertile; lig- 

 ules short, white. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile. Anthers sagittate at 

 the base. Style-branches with acute appendages. Achenes 4-5-angled or 

 those of the rays slightly flattened. Pappus of the ray-flowers of several bristles 

 or wanting, that of the disk-flowers of lacerate or fimbriate squamellae. 



1. G. parviflora Cav. Stem 1-7 dm. high, branched; leaf -blades hispidulous 

 or glabrous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, dentate or undulate; invo- 

 lucre 2-2.5 mm. high; bracts ciliate, ovate; ligules 4 or 5, only 1-1.5 mm. long; 

 pappus-squamellae in the disk-flowers 8-15. Waste places: Mass. Ga. Mex. 

 Ore.; nat. from S. Am. 



71. BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. BALSAM-ROOT. 



Low perennials, with almost scapose stems, numerous petioled basal leaves, 

 and a thick edible root, its bark exuding a terebinthine balsam. Involucre 

 mostly hemispherical; bracts in several series, more or less foliaceous, especially 

 the outer ones. Receptacle almost flat, beset with concave paleae, which loosely 

 embrace the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers present, fertile; ligules yellow. Disk- 

 flowers hermaphrodite, fertile. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches with 

 filiform or slender subulate hispid appendages. Achenes mostly glabrous, those 

 of the disk-flowers quadrangular with intermediate nerves, those of the ray- 

 flowers flattened. Pappus none. 



Leaves entire or bluntly toothed, never pinnatifld. 

 Plant white-tomentose. 



Leaves with entire margins or slightly undulate, oblong-cordate to hastate. 



1. B. sagittata. 

 Leaves more or less distinctly toothed, ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate base. 



2. B. tomentosa. 

 Plant hirsute-puberulent ; basal leaves cordate. 



Ligules linear, deciduous; achenes glabrous. 3. B. deUoidea. 



Ligules oval, becoming papery, and more or less persistent; achenes puberulent. 



4. B. Careyana. 



Leaves mostly pinnatifld or at least incisedly toothed. 

 Plant canesceiit or white-tomentose. 

 Plants loosely white-tomentose. 



Stem 1-3 dm. high; segments of the leaves 1-3 cm. long, ovate, entire or 



slightly toothed. 5. B. meaner. 



Stem 3 dm. or more high; segments of the leaves 3-5 cm. long, lanceolate, 



coarsely toothed. 6. B. floccosa. 



Plant finely canescent, tomentose only on the involucre; some of the leaves merely 

 toothed. 7. B. terebinthacea. 



Plants more or less hispid, neither canescent nor tomentose. 



Disk 3-4 cm. broad; segments of the leaves mostly entire. 8. B. macrophyUa. 

 Disk 2-2.5 cm. broad; segments of the leaves mostly toothed. 9. B. hirsuta. 



1. B. sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Leaves mostly basal, long-petioled ; blades 

 from cordate to hastate or sagittate, mostly entire, white-tomentose on both sides, 

 1-2 dm. long; peduncles 3-5 dm. high, tomentose; involucres floccose, about 2 

 cm. high and 2.5 cm. broad; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, usually all ap- 

 pressed; ligules 2-3 cm. long, 8-10 mm. broad, oblong. Hillsides: Sask. S.D. 



-Colo. Calif. B.C. Submont. Mont. Ap. 



2. B. tomentosa Rydb. Basal leaves with long petioles; blades about 12 

 dm. long, ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate bases, 15-20 cm. long, acute, coarsely 

 toothed; stem 3-4 dm. high; involucre densely floccose, over 2 cm. broad; outer 

 bracts usually half longer than the inner, and reflexed; ligules about 3 cm. long 

 and 1 cm. wide. Hills: Wyo. Submont. Mont. Jl-Au. 



3. B. deltoidea Nutt. Basal leaves numerous, long-petioled; blades cor- 

 date, hastate or deltoid, green, more or less pubescent, but not tomentose, 8-15 

 cm. long and almost as wide, coarsely dentate-crenate or sinuate or entire; heads 



