954 CARDUACEAE 



flat, naked or with some bracts between the ray and disk. Ray-flowers fertile, 

 pistillate; ligules yellow, rather narrow. Disk-flowers numerous. Style-branches 

 with truncate subcapitate tips. Achenes obpyramidal, densely pubescent. 

 Pappus of 5-7 lanceolate or subulate, acuminate, aristate, scarious, and nerve- 

 less squamellae. 



1. D. Hoopesii (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-10 dm. high, tomentulose when 



young, leafy; basal leaves petioled, 1-3 dm. long, 2-7 cm. broad, oblanceolate, 



several-ribbed; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile; involucres 2-3 cm. broad; ligules 



golden, 1.5-3 cm. long. Helenium Hoopesii A. Gray. Mountain valleys: Ore. 



-Wyo. N.M. Calif. Submont. Subalp. Je-Au. 



110. HELENIUM L. SNEEZEWEED. 



Annual or perennial leafy herbs. Leaves alternate, narrow, impressed-punc- 

 tate, more or less decurrent, producing wings on the stem. Heads usually radi- 

 ate. Involucre rotate; bracts narrow, linear or subulate in 2 or 3 series, sub- 

 equal or the inner shorter, at first spreading, usually soon reflexed. Receptacle 

 from convex to ovoid or conic, naked or sometimes with a few bracts between 

 the ray- and disk-flowers. Ray-flowers usually present, in most species pistil- 

 late and fertile, in the rest neutral and sterile; ligules large, conspicuous, 3-4- 

 toothed or -lobed, cuneate in outline. Disk-flowers numerous, hermaphrodite 

 and fertile; corollas yellow, brown, or purplish. Achenes truncately obpyramidal, 

 4- or 5-angled, with as many intermediate ribs, pubescent on the angles and ribs. 

 Pappus of 4-8 thin scarious squamellae, with or without midrib. 



Plant scabrous-puberulent throughout; bracts about equalling the disk; ligules about 1 

 cm. long or less. 1. H. montanum. 



Plant glabrous or minutely puberulent; bracts much longer than the disk; ligules gen- 

 erally over 1 cm. long. 2. H. macranthum. 



1. H. montanum Nutt. Perennial; stem 3-10 dm. high, more or less puberu- 

 lent; leaves lanceolate, decurrent, 5-10 cm. long, denticulate or subentire; 

 heads numerous, paniculate-cymose; involucres about 8 mm. high, 10-15 mm. 

 broad; ray-flowers fertile; ligules 8-10 mm. long, cuneate, puberulent beneath, 

 golden yellow; pappus-scales lanceolate, acuminate. Meadows: Mont. Kan. 

 N.M. Wash. B.C. Plain Submont. Jl-S. 



2. H. macranthum Rydb. Perennial; stem 3-12 dm. high; leaves broadly 

 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or entire, thinner than in the preceding; 

 heads with longer naked peduncles; involucres over 1 cm. high, 15-20 mm. 

 broad; ligules 12-20 mm. long, orange. H. grandiflorum Nutt., not Gilib. H. 

 autumnale grandiflorum A. Gray. Wet places: Mack. Sask. Wyo. Ore. 

 B.C. Plain Submont. Jl-S. 



111. GAILLARDIA Foug. BLANKET-FLOWER. 



Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, either scapose or caulescent. Leaves 

 alternate or basal, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, often in the same species. Heads 

 radiate or discoid, peduncled. Involucre saucer-shaped or rotate; bracts in 2-3 

 series, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, at least the upper half strongly reflexed. 

 Receptacle convex to subglobose, alveolate, usually more or less fimbrillate, the 

 fimbrillae from soft and short-conic, to elongate-subulate, stiff and awn-like. 

 Ray-flowers usually neutral, rarely pistillate and fertile, often wanting; ligules, 

 if present, broad, cuneate or flabelliform, deeply 3-cleft, yellow, or purple, or 

 both. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. Anthers auricled at the base. 

 Style-branches appendaged; appendages from glabrous and short to hispidulous 

 and filiform. Achenes broadly obpyramidal, about twice as long as broad, 

 wholly or partly covered by long, stiff, ascending hairs. 



Lobes of the disk-corollas acuminate, covered with moniliform hairs. 



Plant perennial ; ligules usually wholly yellow. 1. G. aristata. 



Plant annual; ligules partly or wholly purple. 2. G. pulchella. 



Lobes of the disk-corollas short and broad, acute or obtuse. 



Plant hirsute or villous; leaves neither coriaceous nor conspicuously punctate. 

 Pappus-squamellae lanceolate, awn-pointed. 



Disk purple; leaf-segments more or less ascending. 



