c 



O V 



s 2 



E.2 



O " 



u 



leaf 



leaf 



CO NI FERAE 169 



separate, and most often remain so, but frequently there is a subsequent 

 growth of tissue under them, carry- 

 ing them out upon a basal portion 

 which most often (e.g. in sympet. fls.) leaf 

 has a similar structure to the organs 

 themselves, so that they look as if 

 joined together by their bases. The leaf 

 diagram shows this process on the 

 right, but not on the left. It is 

 common in fls., less so in other organs. It is not necessary for the 

 concrescent organs to be similar; e.g. sta. are often united to pets., 

 1. to stems (cf. Solanaceae, &c.). The phenomenon goes under many 

 names adnation, connation, adhesion, cohesion, &c. 

 Concrete, growing together. 

 Condalia Cav. Rhamnaceae. 12 warm Am. 

 Condaminea DC. Rubiaceae (i. i). 3 Andes. 



Condiments, or spices, veg. products used rather for the flavour than 

 the food value, e.g. alexanders, almond, allspice, angelica, anise, 

 asafoetida, balm, basil, camphor, caper, caraway, cardamoms, cassia, 

 cayenne, celery, chillies, cicely, cinnamon, chives, cloves, coriander, 

 cress, cucumber, cummin, curry-leaf, dill, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, 

 ginger, horse-radish, Indian cress, Japan pepper, leek, lemon, lettuce, 

 mace, marjoram, mint, mustard, myrrh, nutmeg, onion, parsley, 

 pennyroyal, pepper, peppermint, pimento, rhubarb, rosemary, sage, 

 samphire, savory, shallot, star-anise, tansy, thyme, turmeric, vanilla, 

 watercress, &c. 



Conduplicate (1.), folded lengthwise; (embryo), Crticiferae. 

 Condylocarpus Desf. Apocynaceae (i. 3). 10 trop. S. Am. 

 Cone, infl. of Coniferae, Cycadaceae, Lycopodiiim, &c. ; -fl. (Am.), 



Rudbeckia. 



Confertus (Lat.), crowded. 

 Confluent, blending. 



Congdonia Muell.-Arg. Rubiaceae (n. 5). i Rio de Janeiro. 

 Congea Roxb. Verbenaceae (6). 5 Burma, Malaya. Cult. orn. 

 Congenital, grown to. 

 Congo pea, Caja/nts indicns Spreng. 

 Congou, Thea. 



Coniferae. The most important class of Gymnosperms, and like the 

 others better represented in former ages than now. They form 

 i fams. with 41 gen. and 380 sp. Like their past history, their 

 present geographical distr. is of interest. Most are erect evergr. 

 trees, and grow in dense forests, forming char, features of the veg. in 

 many regions (esp. temp, and subtrop. and mountains). Beginning 

 in the north we find Jimiperns nana beyond the limit of trees. This 

 limit is largely marked by the C. and the birch. Within it, in the 

 N. temp, zone, are broad areas covered with C. (Larix, Abies, 

 Pinus, &c.). Going S., their importance decreases, and at about 

 40 N. they become practically confined to the mountains. Here 

 we find in Japan and China a region of development char, by 

 Cephalotaxus, Pseudolarix, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Sciado- 

 pitys, Chamaecyparis, Keteleeria, Glyptostrobus, Taiwania, &c., 



