PI PER ALES 515 



The resin exudes and is distilled ; the distillate is oil of 

 turpentine, the remainder rosin. Tar and pitch are corre- 

 spondingly the products of destructive distillation in closed 

 chambers. P. Puniilio Haenke (P. inontana Mill.) is a 

 shrubby decumbent sp., Pyrenees to Caucasus. P. Pinea L. 

 (Medit.), the stone pine, furnishes edible seeds ('pignons'). 

 P. Larido Foir. (S. Eur. ) is the Corsican pine. P. Pinaster 

 Ait. , the cluster pine or pinaster (Medit. ), is a valuable tree. 

 It grows well near the sea, and large areas of the Landes 

 of S. France are planted with it. It furnishes much of the 

 turpentine &c. in use. P. echinata Mill, the short leaved or 

 yellow pine is a valuable N. Am. sp. P. longifolia Roxb. 

 (Himal.) is tapped for resin. 



2. Taeda (needles 3, triangular in section): i6sp. P. Taeda~L. 

 (loblolly or frankincense pine, southern U.S.) yields turpen- 

 tine. P. palustris Mill. (P. austrah's Michx-) (pitch-pine, 

 U.S.) yields timber and turpentine. Other sp. , e.g. P.pon- 

 derosa Dougl. and P. rigida Mill., are also known by the 

 name of pitch-pine. 

 II. STROBUS Spach. Visible part of fruit scale with terminal 



boss. Needles usually 5 in each short shoot. 20 sp. 

 i. Eitstrobiis (cones hanging, seeds winged) : P. Strobtis L., the 

 Weymouth or white pine (East N. Am.), a timber tree; P. 

 Lambtrtiana Dougl., the giant sugar pine of the W. U.S.; 

 P. excelsa Wall., the Bholan or blue pine (E. India). 

 2. Cembra (cones erect or drooping, seeds not winged) ; P. Con- 

 bra L. the Siberian cedar (Alps, Carpathians, Ural, Siber.) 

 has ed. seeds and valuable wood ; P.Jiexilts]a.mes (N. Am.) 

 &c. [For further details see Nat. Pfl., Veitch's Manual 

 of Coniferae, European pine timbers in Kew Bull. 1915, 

 p. 265, &c.] 

 Pinweed, Lechea. 



Pinxter-fl. (Am.), Azalea midiJforcf'L. 

 Pionandra Miers = Cyphomandra Mart. (Solan.). 



Pionocarpus Blake (Hclianthclla p.p.). Compositae (5). i Mexico. 

 Piper L. (BH. incl. C/iavica Miq.). Piperaceae. 700 trop. mostly 

 climbing shrubs (peppers). Fls. in sympodial spikes, the bracts closely 

 appressed to the axis. Fr. a berry. That of/ 3 , nigi urn L. , gathered 

 before ripe and dried, forms a black peppercorn; or if the outside be 

 removed by maceration, a white one. Pepper is chiefly cult, in Malaya. 

 P. Cubeba L. f. is the cubebs, P. Belle L. the betel pepper (see Areca). 

 See Trcas. of Bot. 



Piperaceae (EP., BH. incl Saitruraceae and Lactoridaceae). Dicots. 

 (Archichl. Piperales; Micrembryae BH.}. 7 gen. with 1150 sp. trop. 

 Plants of simple organisation. Herbs or shrubs with undivided 1. with 

 or without stipules ; the 1. have a pungent taste. Fls. naked, in spikes. 

 A i 10, G (i 4), i-loc. with i basal orthotr. ov. Seeds with dense 

 perisperm round the endosp. ; embryo small. The stem-anatomy is 

 interesting. Piper is economically useful. Chief genera: Piper, Pepero- 

 mia. [BH. chars, incl. those of S. and L.,esp. parietal plac., and > iov.] 

 Piperales. The 2nd order of Archichlamydeae. 



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