UMBELLIFERAE 669 



portant ; the outer surface of each mericarp has generally 5 projecting 

 primary ridges, two of which (the lateral ridges) are at the edges 

 where the splitting takes place. Between these are sometimes secondary 

 ridges, 4 to each mericarp. In the furrows are often found oil-cavities 

 (seen as small openings in cross-section) known as vittae. The seed 

 is often united to the pericarp ; it is album, with small embryo in oily 

 endosp., which is usu. cartilaginous in texture. The shape of the 

 endosp. as seen in cross-section is of importance ; it may be crescentic, 

 or ventrally grooved, or concave on ventral side. The fr. often shows 

 adaptations for distr. ; in many (e.g. Heracleum and allies) the meri- 

 carp is thin and flat, suited to wind-carriage ; in others (e.g. Daucus) it 

 has hooks. See also Scandix. 



Many U. are economically useful, but as a rule they are poisonous. 

 See Daucus (carrot), Pastinaca (parsnip), Apium (celery), Crithmum 

 (samphire), Foehiculum (fennel), Archangelica, Carum, Ferula, Pim- 

 pinella, Coriandrum, Petroselinum, &c. 

 Classification and chief genera (after Engler) : 



I. HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE (fr. with no free carpophore, and 



woody endocarp : vittae none or in main ribs). 



1. Hydrocotyleae (fr. with narrow surface of union, lat. flat : 



tened) : Hydrocotyle, Azorella. 



2. Mulineae (fr. with flattened or rounded back; ^T) : Bovv- 



lesia. 



II. .SANICULOIDEAE (endocarp soft, exocarp rarely smooth; 



style long with capitate stigmas, surrounded by ring-like 

 disc ; vittae various). 



1. Sanicnleae (ov. 2-loc. ; fr. 2-seeded, with broad surface of 



union ; vittae) : Eryngium, Astrantia, Sanicula. 



2. Lagoecicae (ov. i-loc. ; fr. i -seeded ; vittae indistinct); 



Lagoecia. 



III. APIOIDEAE (endocarp soft, sometimes hardened by sub- 



epidermal fibre layers; style on apex of disc; vittae). 

 A. Primary ridges projecting, the lat. sometimes wing-like; no 

 secondary ridges. 



a. Secondary umbels each with i or few ? fls. surrounded 



by <f . 



1. Eckinophoreae (fr. enclosed by hardened stalks of i fls.): 



Echinophora. 



b. Fls. all ? , or irreg. polygamous. 



a. Seed at surface of union deeply forked or hollow. 



2. Scandicineae (parenchyma around carpophore with crystal 



layer) : Chaerophyllum, Anthriscus, Torilis. 



3. Coriandicae (without crystal layer; fr. ovate-spherical, nut- 



like, rarely long, with woody sub-epidermal layer): Cori- 

 andrum. 



4. Smvrnieae (narrow surface of union, mericarps rounded 



outwards) : Smyrnium, Conium. 



J3. Seeds flattened at surface of union. 



;. Ammineae (primary ridges all alike; seed semicircular in 

 section) : Bupleurum, Apium, Petroselinum, Carum, 

 Pimpinella, Seseli, Foeniculum, Oenanthe, Ligusticum. 



