xviii CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



nation of the facts Abraham Werner lectures on Mineralogy 

 and Geology, 1775 Disputes between the Neptunisis and Vul- 

 canists Dr. Hutton first teaches that it is by the Study of the 

 Present that we can understand the Past Theory of Hutton 

 Sir J. Hall's Experiments upon Melted Rocks Hutton dis- 

 covers Granite Veins in Glen Tilt William Smith, the ' Father 

 of English Geologists ' His Geological Map of England . .214 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



SCIENCE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (CONTINUED). 



Birth of Modern Chemistry Discovery of 'Fixed Air,' or Car- 

 bonic Acid, by Black and Bergmann Working out of ' Che- 

 mical Affinity ' by Bergmann He tests Mineral Waters, and 

 proves 'Fixed Air' to be an Acid Discovery of Hydrogen by 

 Cavendish He investigates the Composition of Water Oxygen 

 discovered by Priestley and Scheele Priestley's Experiments 

 He fails to see the true bearing of his Discovery His Political 

 Troubles and Death Nitrogen described by Dr. Rutherford 

 Lavoisier lays the Foundation of Modern Chemistry He 

 destroys the Theory of ' Phlogiston ' by proving that Combustion 

 and Respiration take up a Gas out of the Air Discovers the 

 Composition of Carbonic Acid and the nature of the Diamond 

 French School of Chemistry Death of Lavoisier . . .225 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



SCIENCE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (CONTINUED). 



Doctrine of Latent Heat, taught by Dr. Black in 1 760 Water 

 containing Ice remains always at o C., and Boiling Water at 

 100 C., however much Heat is added Black showed that the 

 lost Heat is absorbed in altering the condition of the Water 

 Watt's Application of the Theory of Latent Heat to the Steam- 

 engine Early History of Steam-engines Newcomen's Engine 

 Watt invents the Separate Condenser Diagram of Watt's 

 Engine Difficulties of Watt and Boulton in introducing Steam- 



engnes . 



