190 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. PT. in. 



for though I must warn you again more strongly than ever 

 that I can only give you little glimpses of the work that was 

 being done, still I think that if we struggle on through the 

 increasing mass of knowledge and gather up a fragment here 

 and there, you will gain a general idea of the progress of 

 science, and be able to read more advanced scientific books 

 with much greater interest, even though you may have 

 learnt very little of any one science. 



Astronomy, Physics, and to a certain extent Chemistry, 

 had made such a start at the end of the seventeenth century 

 that it was a great many years before those men who came 

 after Newton, Halley, Huyghens, and Stahl, had mastered 

 the new discoveries sufficiently to progress any further. 

 Therefore we find that it was not in these sciences that most 

 advance was made in the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 

 tury, but in those which relate to living beings, and which 

 are all included under the head of Biology, or the science of 

 life. Medicine, Anatomy, and Physiology were the branches 

 which grew -most rapidly about this time ; and the five great 

 men whose names stand out most conspicuously are Boer- 

 haave, Haller, John Hunter, Bonnet, and Spallanzani : 

 Boerhaave, as the founder of the study of orga?iic chemistry, 

 Haller and Hunter as the fathers of comparative anatomy, 

 and Bonnet and Spallanzani as the discoverers of some very 

 remarkable facts in physiology. We will take these subjects 

 in regular order, and try to understand something of the 

 work which was done in them. 



Medical School of Leyden. Foundation of Organic 

 Chemistry by Boerhaave, 1701. On the coast of Holland, 

 just where the Rhine empties itself by a number of small 

 channels into the German Ocean, stands the city of Leyden, 

 which became famous in the year 1574, on account of a 



