CHAPTER XXXI. 407 



IX., but (particularly for cy to-architectonic and fibre- architectonic 

 studies) special apparatus and installations are needed, the description 

 of which is outside the province of this book. 



See FEIST, Ztschr. wiss. Mikr., viii, 1891, p. 492 ; DEECKE, op. cit. ; 

 DEJERINE, Anat. Centres Nerveux ; STRASSER, Ztschr. wiss. Mikr., ix, 

 1892, p. 8 .- BRODMANN, Journ. Psychol. u. Neurol., ii, 1903-4, p. 206 ; 

 WARNKE, ibid., p. 221 ; LIESEGANG, Ztschr. wiss. Mikr., xxvii, 1910 

 p. 369 ; VENDEROVIC, Anat. Anz., xxxix. 1911, p. 414. 



General Stains. 



816. Carmines. Ammonia- carmine is good for general views. 

 Stain very slowly in extremely dilute solutions. Bichromate 

 material should be brought direct into the stain without passing 

 through alcohol (see 51). 



Picro-carmine has much the same action, but gives a better 

 demonstration of non-nervous elements. 



Bolles Lee (see 1913 ed.) prefers carmalum with formol material 

 as giving a more delicate stain. He finds it better then paracarmine. 



The best way of staining formol material with ammonia carmine, 

 carmalum, picro- carmine and the like, consists in my opinion in 

 cutting sections by one or the other of the freezing methods, and 

 transferring them for a few hours either in Miiller's fluid, or 0-5 per 

 cent, chromic acid as suggested by SCHWALBE (Centrbl. allg. PathoL, 

 xii, 1901, p. 881). Sections are then washed for a longer or shorter 

 time according to the amount of mordant one wishes to extract, 

 proceeding afterwards to stain with one of the above-mentioned 

 carmine solutions. 



On the other hand sections of non-imbedded material fixed and 

 hardened in one or the other of the fluids mentioned in 810 to 812 

 may be stained not only with carmines, but also with a great variety 

 of dyes if one so desires (see Chapter XL). The same applies to 

 sections of imbedded material, though the after-treatment to which 

 it has been submitted may render more or less difficult the carrying 

 out of certain general stains. But one should remember that in 

 any case the results thus obtained are not very instructive, and by 

 no means comparable with those attainable by the rational use of 

 the special methods described in the following chapters. 



For other carmine processes of staining, see SCHMAUS (Munch, med. 

 Wochenschr., 1891, p. 147) ; UPSON (Neurol. Centralb., vii, 1888, p. 319) ; 

 FREEBORN (Journ. Roy. Mic. Soc., 1889, p. 305) ; KADYI (Neurol. 

 Centralb., xx, 1901, p. 687) ; CHILESOTTI (ibid., xix, 1902, p. 161, and 

 Centralb. allg. Pathol., xiii, 1892, p. 191). 



