viii PREFACE 



with which the student may be brought into immediate 

 personal contact. Using it as the basis of a course, as I 

 have done, has moreover this further advantage, that it 

 enables us to keep and build upon what is best in our 

 botanical courses of the past and present, and that best 

 has always been structural. 



In the preparation of this work, I have made constant 

 use of these modern and excellent works, often cited in 

 the following pages, by Spalding, Bergen, Setchell, L. H. 

 Bailey, Barnes, and Atkinson, and I express here my 

 indebtedness to them. The figures are all new, though 

 Nos. 17, 1 8, 22, 23, 24, have already appeared in an arti- 

 cle of mine in the Botanical Gazette for April, 1899. 

 At least one valuable feature in the course given in this 

 work, namely, the use of the vertical diagrams of flow- 

 ers, I owe directly to Professor Goodale ; but there is 

 much else in the book, particularly in its general spirit, 

 which I owe to his teaching. I wish also to express 

 my obligation to Mr. E. J. Canning, Head Gardener 

 at Smith College, for his assistance in seeking new 

 materials for study and in devising easier ways of grow- 

 ing them, and to my assistant, Miss Grace Smith, for 

 her advice and aid in the proof-reading. 



