MORPHOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF WINTER BUDS 209 



Your record should express most of these facts in 

 an annotated drawing, the remainder in notes. 



33. Study similarly the Tulip-tree twig. 



34. Study also the others supplied. 



Outside of the laboratory, examine as large a 

 series of twigs and buds as possible. 



35. Prepare a synoptical essay (not over three hundred 



words) on the General Morphology and Ecology 

 of the Higher Plant. 



Materials. These are abundant everywhere; in place of 

 Horse-chestnut (the best I know) any tree with very large 

 terminal buds will do, especially if containing a flower cluster, 

 as Walnut, Hickory. The bud-scales of the Tulip-tree are 

 modified stipules, hence giving a fine problem in morphology ; 

 Magnolia is the same ; Beech has the same but less plainly. 

 But any large buds of shrubs are good. For comparison, some 

 unprotected buds of greenhouse plants are needed. 



Pedagogics. This is one of the most useful and satisfactory 

 of all botanical exercises. The objects are large, fairly definite, 

 and the pupil has data enough to enable him to discover for 

 himself the meaning of nearly every feature of structure and 

 ecology. It is particularly good for training in observation 

 and in morphological reasoning, and in relation of structure 

 to use (ecology). It is most important to recall to the students 

 the general habit and mode of growth of the Horse-chestnut, 

 helping by suggestions when memory fails, and leading one 

 member of the class to aid another, until it has been well 

 worked out 



Following are features they should work out themselves : 



Under Exercise 32 (i), the lenticels (whose function as 



