74 THE TEACHING BOTANIST 



the simple use of shading, etc. In this the teacher, as 

 well as students, will gain great profit by a study of 

 good models, where shading has been very effectively 

 used, as in the best figures in their text and reference 

 books. A particularly splendid model is to be found in 

 the illustrations to Sargent's " Silva of North America," 

 where drawings of seeds, twigs, leaves, etc., such as are 

 taken up in the laboratory, may be found. Kny's series 

 of wall diagrams also offer excellent models. It is a good 

 plan also to have students copy at times into their note- 

 books good diagrams from the Kny series, or from good 

 books, especially where an important topic is being 

 studied with poor material. A drawing copied from 

 a good source is a better record of an important topic 

 than no drawing at all, though of course this must be 

 resorted to but rarely, and then only after assurance of 

 a perfect understanding of the diagram by the student. 

 Drawings will ordinarily be made in lead pencil 

 (Faber HHHH (4H) I have found best), but there are 

 many advantages in finishing them in India ink. The 

 drawings may thus be saved from rubbing through hand- 

 ling of the books, are more permanent, clearer, and of 

 better appearance generally. Liquid India ink and fine 

 mapping pens should be used. Shading can be given 

 either by fine dots made more numerous for a deeper 

 shading, or by very fine lines also made more numerous 

 for a deeper shading, or even given by pencil with an 

 ink outline. With my own students the use of the ink 



