242 THE TEACHING BOTANIST 



morphology of the flower. For a Composite, which can readily 

 be understood at this stage, the small white Eupatorium often 

 grown in greenhouses is very good, but others will do, such as 

 Cineraria, or Senecio petasites. If irregular flowers are added, 

 any papilionaceous flower will do, of which some kinds are 

 always in greenhouses. 



Pedagogics. - - More specialized flowers are here taken up, 

 and some that are irregular. The question of the morpho- 

 logical composition of the wall of the inferior ovary must 

 be faced. Students may best be introduced to this by stating 

 to them the fact, illustrated by diagrams, that every flower, no 

 matter how specialized, originates as a set of originally distinct 

 leaves on a conical receptacle ; let them reason from this 

 in the case of the Snowdrop, and if they are not previously 

 prejudiced by the calyx-adnate-to-the-ovary theory, they will 

 readily see that the stamens, petals, and sepals must stand on 

 the receptacle, which therefore must form the wall of the ovary 

 by growing up in the form of a hollow cup, while the carpels 

 form the roof over it, and also the partitions. This is the 

 morphology which embryology sustains. In the Fuchsia the 

 morphology of the ovary is the same, but here, in addition, a 

 tube is formed after the manner already spoken of for the 

 Hyacinth and Primrose In the Composite flower the mor- 

 phology is very like that of Primrose and Fuchsia, i.e. the ovary 

 is a hollowed-out receptacle on the top of which the sepals, 

 often finely divided into a pappus, and the corolla-tube stand. 



In diagramming the flowers of the Snowdrop, etc., it is well 

 to use shading of the different parts, to represent their exact 

 morphology. In the preceding diagrams (Figs. 25-26) this 

 is done, and in the same way it may be done in the Fuchsia 

 (Fig. 27). In diagramming the irregular flowers, as the 

 Cytisus, a part of the irregularity can be shown, but it must 



