39-4 



DICOTYLEDONES. 



CapparidaoesB, in which perigynous flowers are found. A f^w Papaveraceae and 

 Fumariaceje have trimerous flowers. In Fumaria and certain Cruciferae, the 

 fruit is a nut. The Fumariaceae have zygomorphic flowers. Trees and shrubs 

 are almost entirely confined to the Capparidacese, in which order stipules also 

 are found. 



Order 1. Papaveraceae (Poppies). Herbaceous plants with 



stiff hairs and latex ; flowers regular (Fig. 391) with generally 2 

 (-3) sepals (which fall off as the flower opens), "2 + 2 petals (im- 

 bricate and crumpled in the bud) ivitliout spur, numerous stamens in 

 several alternating whorls (generally a multiple of 2) ; carpels 2- 

 several, united into a unilocular gynceceum. Trimerous flowers 

 also occur. Capsule with very numerous seeds on the parietal 

 placentae ; embryo small, with large, oleaginous endosperm (Fig. 

 392). The leaves have no stipules and are generally pinnately 

 lobed. 



aid 



FIG. 391. ,4 Diagram of the flower of 

 Glaucium and the clichasium (which 

 becomes transformed into a scorpioid 

 cyme). -B Pupa re f ai'ijcmone, transverse 

 section of the ovary with indication of 

 the position of the stigmas. 



FIG. 39.'. Papaver somniferum : A cap- 

 sule ; st the stigma; o> valves; h pores ; 

 -B seed in longitudinal section ; a!b endo- 

 sperm; emb embryo. 



Papaver (Poppy) has large, solitary, terminal flowers ; petals 

 firmly and irregularly folded in aestivation ; gynceceum formed by 

 many (4-15) carpels ; stigmas velvety, sessile and stellate (the rays 

 stand above the placenta) (Fig. 391 U). The edges of the carpels 

 project deeply into the ovary, but do not meet in the centre, so 

 that it remains unilocular. The capsule opens by pores placed 

 close beneath the stigma, and formed of small valves alternating 

 with the placentae and the rays of the stigma (Fig. 391). P. dubium, 

 P. anjemone, P. rhceas. Chelidonium (Greater Celandine) has 

 yellow latex, flowers in umbellate cymes (the terminal, central flower 

 opening first) and only 2 carpels ; the fruit resembles the siliqua 



