GRC1NALES. 



419 



Geranium (Crane's-bill) lias 5 + 5 stamens, and a septicidal capsule; 

 the carpels most frequently remain suspended from the apex of the 

 column (Fig. 434). The leaves are most frequently palminerved. 

 The flowers are situated solitarily or 2 together (2-flowered scor- 

 pioid cyme). Erodium (Stork's-bill) ; inflorescence a many- 

 flowered unipared scorpioid cyme, stamens 5 + (petal-stamens are 

 wanting), and fruit a schizocarp whose carpels become detached; 

 their beaks are hairy on the internal surface and twist themselves 

 spirally (Fig. 436). The umbellate inflorescences are composed of 

 multiflowered scorpioid cymes. The leaves are often penninerved. 

 The most primitive type is represented by Biebersteinia: S5, P5, A5 + 5, Go 

 (o varies free, and styles united above) ; fruit 5 small nuts. The most advanced 

 type is Pelargonium, which has zygomorphic flowers, the posterior sepal being 



FIG. 431. Geranium san- 

 guineum. Fruit (f). 



FIG. 435. Pelargonium. 



FIG. 436. E rod in m cica- 

 tarium, detached carpel. 



prolonged into a spur which becomes adnate to the peduncle ; the petals are 

 unequal in size ; some of the petal-stamens are often wanting. (Erodium may 

 be slightly zygomorphic). 



POLLINATION. The large-flowered Geranium-species are protandrous, e.g. 

 G. pratense (one whorl of stamens opens first, and then the other, and suc- 

 ceeding these the stigmas, after shedding the pollen the stamens bend out- 

 wards) ; the small-flowered are also adapted; with various modifications, for 

 self-pollination. 470 species; moderately hot climates, especially S. Africa. 

 Several Pelargonium-species, with numerous varieties, are ornamental plants 

 (from S. Africa). 



Order 4. Tropaeolacese. Herbaceous, juicy plants which have 

 scattered, long-stalked, peltate leaves without stipules, and often 



