460 DICOTYLEDONES. 



number of hooked bristles which serve as a means of distribution 

 for the 1-2 achenes which are enclosed in it, and hence the 

 entire flower finally falls off. The inflorescence is a long upright 

 raceme. These bristles are arranged in whorls of 5 and 10, of which the 

 uppermost alternate with the sepals. Alchemilla (Ladies-mantle; Fig. 



501) has 8 green perianth-leaves 

 in two whorls (some authorities 

 consider the four outer as an 

 epicalyx, and the flower therefore 

 apetalous), and 4 stamens alter- 

 nating with the innermost whorl. 

 There is only one carpel with a 

 basal style and capitate stigma. 

 FIG. soi.-Fiower of Aichemiiia in longi- ^he flowers are small and green- 



tudinal section. ' 



ish, the filaments jointed. Ihe 



anthers open by one extrorse cleft. The leaf-sheath entirely 

 envelops the stem ; the leaves are palminerved. A. aphanes has 

 often only 1-2 stamens. The following genera, with 4-merous flowers 

 borne in short spikes or capitula, are allied to this group. Sanguisorba has 

 eiitoniophilous, $ -flowers with 4 (-20) stamens, 1 carpel; stigma papillose. 

 Poterium ; spike or capitulum, the uppermost flowers are $ , the lowermost $ , 

 and some intermediate ones (the order of opening is not always centripetal) ; 

 S4, PO, A20-80, G2, the long styles having brush-like stigmas (wind-pollination). 

 Leaves imparipinnate. 



POLLINATION. A yellow ring on the inner side of the receptacle, inside the 

 stamens, serves as a nectary when any honey is formed ; this, for instance, is 

 not the case in Rosa, Agrimonia, Spirtea ulmaria, S. Jilipendula, S. antncu*, etc., 

 to which the insects (especially flies and bees) are allured by the quantity of 

 pollen. Homogamy and slight protogyny are frequent, in many instances self- 

 pollination also is finally possible. Poterium, with the long-haired stigma, is 

 wind-pollinated. About 550(1100?) species, especially in northern temperate 

 regions. USES. OFFICINAL : the petals of Rosa centifolia and gallica, the fruits 

 of the Raspberry (Rubus idtem), the rhizome of Geun nrbanum, the flowers of 

 the Koso-tree (Hagenia abyssinica or Brayera anthelmintica). The bark of 

 Qitillaja saponaria (Chili) is used as soap and contains saponin. "Attar of 

 Hoses" from Rosa dumascrna, centifulia and other species, especially from the 

 southern slopes of the Balkans. Many species and varieties of Eoses are 

 ORNAMENTAL plants: from S. Europe, Rosa littea (the Yellow Rose), R. tjallica 

 (the French Rose) and R. ntbrifolia ; from W. Asia, R. centifolia, of which the 

 Moss Roses (R. muscosa audcristata) are varieties, and R. danuiscena ; from India 

 and N. Africa, R. moscliata (the Musk Rose) ; from China, R. iudica (Tea Rose) 

 etc., besides the native species and the varieties which have been derived 

 from them. In addition, Kerria japnnica, species of Potentilla, Rnbm odoratus 

 from N. Am., and many species of Spirtea from South-eastern Europe and N. 

 Am. ESCULENT : the " hips " of R. niollissima, R. pomi/era, etc. ; the fruits of 



