560 DICOTYLEDONES. 



c" is not quite certain ; in all probability it is formed from two united 

 bracteoles, for an "epicalyx" is distinctly formed in this way in one of the 

 Valerianaceae, Phyllactl*. The ray-floicers are larger and more irregular, labiate 

 or ligulate, than the disc-flowers, yet not in so high a degree as in the Coin- 

 positaa. 



A. A scarious bract to each flower. Scabiosa has a 5-lobed 

 corolla; the "epicalyx" has a dry, scarious, often finally large 

 collar, and the true calyx is formed of long bristles (generally 5) 

 (Fig. 597). Succisa pratensis (Devil' 8-bit) has a 4-lobed corolla, the 

 collar of the '' epicalyx " is herbaceous ; the calyx as in the preced- 

 ing. Pterocephalus. Dipsacus (Teasel) ; large, spiny and stiff- 

 haired herbs with capitula, or short, thick spikes on which both 

 the involucral-leaves and bracts project considerably, and are 

 stiff and spinose (Fig. 598). The "epicalyx " has short teeth, or 



is almost entire. The leaves of the stem unite together in pairs, so that 

 shallow cups are formed round tbe stems in which rain-water may collect. 

 Cephalaria. Marina : the flowers are falsely verticillate as in the Labiatas ; 

 the calyx has 2 laterally-placed, entire, or emargiuate lobes ; 2 stamens, or '2 

 large and 2 small ones. 



B. Bristles, but no true bract to each flower. Knautia ; the 

 corolla is 4-partite, the calyx cup-like, with many bristles or 

 teeth on the edge. 



POLLINATION is in many species effected by insects. The honey is secreted 

 by a ring round tbe base of the style. The flowers in our native species are 

 considerably protandrous. Gynodioecious flowers also occur. 150 species; 

 especially in the Mediterranean and tbe Orient ; the order is not represented in 

 tbe South Sea Islands, Australia and America. The heads of the true Teasel 

 (hips, fiilloiniiii) are used for carding wool, on account of tbe elastic bracts, 

 which are hooked at the point. The order has bitter properties ; taniu, etc. ; 

 but no species are used in medicine or the household. Scabioa atroparpurea, 

 etc., ate used as ornamental plants. 



Order 3. Calyceraceae. This order resembles the Compositaa in the valvate 

 aestivation of the corolla and the more or less united stamens, and the Dipsa- 

 caceaj in the undivided style, pendulous ovnle and endosperm. The calyx is 

 frequently composed of 5 distinct scales-. An " epicalyx " is wanting. 20 

 species ; America. 



Family 33. Campanulinae. 



The flower is epigynous, perfect, with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 

 stamens in regular alternation, and 3 (2-5) carpels. The sepals 

 in all cases are distinct, but narrow and pointed, so that the 

 aestivation is open. The corolla is gamopetalous with (as in the 

 Composite) valcate, or slightly infolded- valvate aestivation. The 



