132 



DiSCOMYCETES. 



Family 4. Hysteriales. 



This family, like the following, lias hemiangiocarpic ascocarps 

 (apothecia). These are closed in the early stages, but when ripe 

 open in a valvular manner by a longitudinal fissure ; they are black, 

 oblong, and often twisted. Some species are parasites, especially 

 upon the Coniferse. 



Order 1. Hysteriaceae. Hysterium pulicare upon the ruptured bark of 

 many trees. 



Order 2. Hypodermacese. The species of Lopliodermium live upon the 

 leaves of Conifers, and are the cause of their falling off (llifjlit). L. pinastri 



y 



FIG. 123. Lophodenniitm 

 (Hypoderma) nervisequium : 

 a, two leaves of Abies alba 

 seen from above with pyc- 

 nidia; b a leaf seen from 

 the underside with apothe- 

 cia; c an ascus with asco- 

 spores. (x 500.) 



FIG. 124. Three leaves of 

 the Red-pine with Lopho- 

 dermiuin macrosporinn : a 

 under side of the leaves with 

 apothecia ; b a leaf from 

 upper side with pycnidia. 

 (x about 2.) 



a b 



FIG. 125. Lopliodcvminm 

 pinastri : a leaves of Pinus 

 sylvestris with apothecia 

 (nat. size);b two paraphyses 

 and an ascus with filamen- 

 tous spores. 



(Fig. 125), on the leaves of Pinus and Picea ; the leaves become red-brown 

 and fall off ; at first conidiocarps are formed, and later apothecia ; L. nervise- 

 tlidum (Fig. 123), on Abies alba ; L. macrosporinn (Fig. 124), on Picea e.rcelsa ; 

 L. brachysporum, on Pimis strobus. 



Order 3. Dichaenaceae. 



Order 4. Acrospermaceae. 



Family 5. Discomycetes. 



The ascocarps (apothecia) are at first closed, and only open at 

 the time of their ripening, not valvularly, but more or less 



