OTHER THEORIES OF SPECIES-FORMING. 333 

 marv variations," which are lar^e and sudden as contrasted 



J 



with "secondary variations," which are the usual small, 

 fluctuating: or so-called Darwinian variations. 



Emery's the- 

 ory of "primary Emery bases his belief on the few cases like 



variations." ^ ^ncon s heep and the inherited six-fmgered- 

 ness of men, and also on an argument drawn from the dif- 

 ficulty of explaining by the natural selection theory various 

 existing conditions such as sexual polymorphism, and numer- 

 ous cases of extremely complex structural and physiological 

 specialisation. But there is little that is convincing in 

 Emery's presentation. 



A later exponent of heterogenesis of a different kind, and 



a more sharply-spoken antagonist of the selection theory, 



much more nearlv anticipates de Vries's muta- 



Korscninsky's 



theory of hetero- tion theory. Indeed this biologist, the Russian 

 botanist Korschinsky, in his championship of 

 heterogenesis goes much beyond de Vries in his denial of the 

 influence of selection in species-forming and descent. De 

 Yries, as we shall see, admits natural selection to be a factor, 

 and perhaps a large one in the determination of descent, of 

 organic evolution, but holds it to be wholly a restraining and 

 cutting-back factor, not at all a formative one. Korschinsky 

 says plainly that the struggle for existence and selection 

 have either no influence in species-forming and descent, or, 

 if any, a hindering and antagonising influence, a retarding 

 and nullifying influence. Korschinsky has published his 

 theory in three papers, one a large work in Russian which I 

 have not seen, the others shorter papers * in German which 

 are of the nature of vorlaufige Mitteilungen. In these 

 papers he formulates clearly and positively a theory of 

 heterogenesis or species-forming by "mutations" and attacks 

 sharply and positively the natural selection theory. A con- 

 cise statement of his theory and at the same time of his 

 position with regard to the selection theory is given by 

 him in a table of two columns in which the contrast between 



