OTHER THEORIES OF SPECIES-FORMING. 287 



effects, for which the term kinetogenesis is retained. The 

 modifications produced by these two classes of influences 

 "are supposed to be the result of the action of the causes in 

 question continued throughout geologic time." These 

 modifications are assumed to be inherited. In the animal 

 kingdom kinetogenesis, or the modifying influence of mo- 

 tion, is assumed to be the more potent efficient cause of 

 evolution ; in the plant kingdom, physiogenesis. The gen- 

 eral standpoint of Cope's theory is thus strictly Lamarckianv 

 But he adds to this reformulation of general Lamarckism a 

 remarkable feature which he calls archaesthetism. This is 

 the doctrine that "animal movements are primitively deter- 

 mined by sensibility or consciousness" and that this "con- 

 sciousness has been and is one of the primary factors in the 

 evolution of animal forms." That is, the kinetogenesis 

 which is the chief causo-mechanical factor of the evolution 

 of the animal kingdom, from primitive single-cell type to 

 most complex Metazoan, has for its own initiation conscious 

 effort. Thus Cope is forced to assume, which he does, that 

 "conscious states have preceded organisms in time and 

 evolution." The formal statement of this phenomenon, 

 then, has to be the thesis that energy can be conscious. "If 

 true," writes Cope, "this is an ultimate fact, neither more 

 nor less difficult to comprehend than the nature of energy 

 or matter in their ultimate analyses. But how is such a 

 hypothesis to be reconciled with the facts of nature, where 

 consciousness plays a part so infinitesimally small ? The 

 explanation lies close at hand, and has been already referred 

 to. Energy become automatic is no longer conscious, or is 

 about to become unconscious." Cope holds then that "con- 

 sciousness was coincident with the dawn of life," and that 

 "evolution is essentially a process of mind. The source of 

 the consciousness, which is back of it, is at present an un- 

 solved problem." 



Cope was a palaeontologist, 21 and his belief in the necessity 



