3 6 



DARWINISM TO-DAY. 



or 'sports/ have been dropped in this country, and some have been 

 kept. The President of the National Polled Hereford Breeders' 

 Association has a perfectly polled cow, the produce of one of his 

 purebred horned Hereford cows by a purebred horned Hereford 

 bull, and has lately purchased a purebred polled Hereford bull. 

 The original herd now contains two polled males and a number of 

 polled females, descended direct from purebred Herefords. The 

 above animals are registered in the American Hereford Record. 



"During a trip through England several years ago, Mr. Guthrie 

 made inquiry among Hereford breeders and found that, while an 

 occasional polled animal had been calved, they were considered as 

 freaks of nature by the owners and butchered." 



6 Bateson, Wm., "Materials for the Study of Variation," 1894. 



6 Kolliker, A. von, "Uber die Darwin'sche Schopfungstheorie," 

 Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool, Vol. XIV, pp. 174-186, 1864. 



7 Ball, W. H., 1877- 



8 Galton, Francis, "Natural Inheritance," p. 32, 1889. 



9 Galton, Francis, loc. tit. p. 27, "The distinction between primary 

 G-alton's dis- an ^ subordinate positions of stability will be made 



cussion of spe- clearer by the help of Fig. i, which is drawn from a 

 cific stability, model I made. The model has more sides, but Fig. 

 i suffices for illustration. It is a polygonal slab that can be made to 

 stand on any one of its edges when set upon a level table, and is 



intended to illustrate the meaning of primary and subordinate 

 stability in organic structures, although the conditions of these must 

 be far more complex than anything we have wits to imagine. The 

 model and the organic structure have the cardinal fact in com- 

 mon, that if either is disturbed without transgressing the range 

 of its stability, it will tend to reestablish itself, but if the range is 

 overpassed it will topple over into a new position ; also that both 

 of them are more likely to topple over towards the position of 

 primary stability, than away from it. 



"The ultimate point to be illustrated is this. Though a long 

 established race habitually breeds true to its kind, ..subject to small 



