ii] OF EVOLUTION 7 



But among the primitive hunters and herdsmen 

 a very different line of speculation appears to have 

 originated, for by their occupations they were con- 

 tinually brought into contact with an entirely different 

 class of phenomena. They could not but notice that 

 the creatures which they hunted or tended, and slew, 

 presented marked resemblances to themselves in 

 their structures, their functions, their diseases, their 

 dispositions, and their habits. When dogs and horses 

 became the servants and companions of men, and 

 when various beasts and birds came to be kept as 

 pets, the mental and even the moral processes 

 characterising the intelligence of these animals must 

 have been seen by their masters to be identical in 

 kind with those of their own minds. Do we not even 

 at the present day compare human characteristics 

 with those of animals, the courage of the lion, the 

 cunning of the fox, the fidelity of the dog, and the 

 parental affection of the bird? And the men, who 

 depended for their very existence on studying the 

 ways of various animals, could not have been less 

 impressed by these qualities than are we. 



Mr Frazer has shown how, from such considera- 

 tions, the legends concerning the relations of certain 

 tribes of men with particular species of animals have 

 arisen, and thus the cults of ' sacred animals ' and of 

 'totemism' have been gradually developed. From 

 comparisons of human courage, sagacity, swiftness, 



