ORGANIC EVOLUTION' 3 6 5 



The second link is supplied by the famous Neanderthal 

 skull found in the valley of the Neander, near Dusseldorf, 

 in 1856. The discovery of this skull, with its receding fore- 

 head and prominent ridges above the orbits of the eyes, and 

 its small cranial capacity, created a sensation, for it was soon 

 seen that it was intermediate between the skulls of the lowest 

 human races and those of the anthropoid apes. Virchow 

 declared that if the skull was pre-human its structural char- 

 acteristics were abnormal. This conclusion, however, was 

 rendered untenable by the discovery in 1886 of similar skulls 

 and the skeletons of two persons, in a cave near Spy in Bel- 



FIG. i ii. Profile Reconstructions of the Skulls of Living and 

 Fossil Men: i. Brachycephalic European; 2. The more ancient 

 of the Nebraska skulls; 3. The Neanderthal man; 4. One of the 

 Spy skulls; 5. Skull of the Java man. (Altered from Schwalbe 

 and Osborn.) 



gium. The " Spy man " and the " Neanderthal man " belong 

 to the same type and are estimated to have been living in the 

 middle of the palaeolithic age. 



The third link is in the early Neolithic man of Engis. 



And now to this interesting series of gradations has been 



