STATISTICAL METHODS 



"WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 



BIOLOGICAL VAEIATION 



CHAPTER I. 

 ON METHODS OF MEASURING ORGANISMS. 



Preliminary I>efiuitions. 



An individual is a segregated mass of living matter, capable 

 of independent existence. Individuals are either simple or 

 compound, i.e., stocks and conns. In the case of a compound 

 individual the morphological unit may be called a person. 



A character is any quality common to a number of in- 

 dividuals. 



The magnitude of a character is a quantitative expression of 

 the character. 



A variate is a single magnitude-determination of a charac- 

 ter. 



A class includes variates of the same or nearly the same 

 magnitude. 



Integral variates are magnitude-determinations of charac- 

 ters "which from their nature are expressed in integers. Such 

 magnitudes are determined by counting; e.g. , the number of 

 teeth in a porpoise. 



Graduated variates are magnitude-determinations of charac- 

 ters which do not exist as integers and which may couse- 



