58 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE ORGANISM 



them those about their hunting, for instance which 

 seem to prove that a rather high degree of experience may 

 exist in infusoria ; but who can feel able to give any fairly 

 correct answer about the stimuli of a chemical nature 

 perhaps which are able to reach such minute organisms ? 



And, on the other hand, there may be spheres of experience 

 in the higher classes of the Invertebrates, for instance 

 which are almost unintelligible to ourselves in a subjective 

 way. Bees seem to remember the absolute amount of their 

 change of place in space. Even if they have been trans- 

 ported passively, and not on a direct line, they always reach 

 their hive again. And similar facts occur in birds. 1 



The very important facts recently discovered by Pawlow 

 and his followers also belong here, as it seems to me, though 

 they do so in a different way. " Association " may relate 

 not only to phenomena of the sensorial or motor class, 

 generally spoken of as " conscious " ones, but to processes 

 of secretion also. Secretion, on the part of the salivary 

 glands, for instance, may be called forth by any stimulus 

 that has ever been contemporary with the original stimulus 

 of the purely physiological process of secretion in any way. 



A few words on the distribution of experience, not in 

 the animal kingdom, but among the parts of one organism, 

 may close these preliminaries. A little more on the 

 same subject is to follow in another connexion. It has 

 been shown by the experiments of Goltz, Schrader, and 



1 Radl (BioL Centralblatt, 26, 1906, and other papers) has given a very 

 good analysis of the behaviour of animals with relation to their orientation 

 in space. Part of it is certainly due to sight, to keeping the eye on a fixed 

 object ; another part is due to the semicircles connected with the ear of 

 vertebrates, or to other "statical" organs ; a last part, it seems to me, is not 

 yet understood at all physiologically. The behaviour of bees would belong 

 to the last group. 



