118 SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE ORGANISM 



of human history in general, as discussed in the last lecture 

 of last summer. 



No Supra- r personal Factor known in History Proper 



Does history teach us that there are concerned in true 

 historical states and events any elemental agents or factors 

 or laws which are additional to what is said in the 

 fundamental formula of individual acting, resting upon 

 its two familiar principles ? 



The answer to this question is given by our analysis 

 of history : by proving that the history of mankind seems to 

 be a mere process of cumulation only, a process by which one 

 complication is simply added to the other without there 

 being, as far as we know, the " evolution " of a real unity. 

 By proving this we express at the same time that in the 

 State, in religion, in science, in law, in economics we only 

 meet cumulations of acting and their results, but no new 

 elementalities. So-called " philosophies " of the State or of 

 law, as created most profoundly by Hegel, therefore, are 

 philosophical branches of the second order ; they stand to 

 the philosophy of action in the same relation as geology 

 stands to chemistry and physics. State and law are no 

 " entities," as far as we know, to speak in an ontological 

 terminology. The State is not an " organism ' -strange to 

 say, for so very often in modern literature the real biological 

 organism was pretended to be " explained ' on the analogy 

 of the State ! Even the so-called " States " of bees and ants 

 are real organisms only to a very small degree and not in 

 detail. 



In order that any form of human society might properly 



