THE DIRECT JUSTIFICATION OF ENTELECHY 295 



of parallelism and establishing the discontinuity of material 

 causality by idealistic introspection, though it occurred to 

 me independently before I had any knowledge of the 

 existing literature, cannot claim to be quite new. You 

 will find it in a somewhat different form in Busse's work 

 entitled, G-tist und Korper, Seele und Leib, where the 

 whole problem of parallelism is discussed critically at great 

 length, with reference to the opinions of the majority of 

 psychologists and philosophers ; and you will also find it in 

 the writings of Leclair 1 and Bergson, 2 not mentioned by 

 Busse. 



But what is new, I believe, is my connexion of the 

 direct refutation of parallelism on the idealistic basis with 

 vitalism as a general doctrine. By refuting parallelism, and 

 ~by establishing the Ego as acting by its will, vitalism is 

 established, at least for one natural body my own. 



Let us carefully note that to refute the parallelistic 

 doctrine is by no means to establish the independence of 

 the Ego's willing or of the psychoid's manifestations of 

 mechanical or energetical constellations in the brain. On 

 the contrary, we know that a very close mutual dependence 

 exists here, and we have tried to discover what it is. But 

 dependence and parallelism are two absolutely different 

 things. 



And now we are prepared to pass from psychology to 

 epistemology. 



1 Der Realismus der modernen Naturwissenschaft, Prag, 1879. 



2 See page 292, note 2. 



