Cliemico-Functional Integration 133 



own experience, and upon which nobody has written more 

 intelligently than James. 



An excellent beginning has been made, then, in the ex- 

 perimental demonstration of the integration . of the endo- 

 crinal and common glandular systems, the blood circulatory 

 system, the autonomic and cerebrospinal nervous systems, 

 and the emotional-psychic life of animals. 



Clinical Evidence of Adrenal-nervous Connection 



But important knowledge and general views in this field 

 are also coming from clinical medicine, and pharmacology. 

 A general presentation of the results reached down to 

 1913 is contained in Innere Secretion und Nervensystem, 

 by H. Eppinger and others. A particularly significant body 

 of evidence coming from this source concerns the relation 

 between the sympathetic or middle autonomic nervous ap- 

 paratus and the two end autonomic systems, the cranial and 

 sacral. These two groups act, it will be recalled, antagon- 

 istically to each other. Eppinger and others have shown 

 that the thoracico-lumbar, or sympathetic, and cranial, or 

 vagal systems differ in susceptibility to stimuli in different 

 individuals, and perhaps in the same individual at different 

 times, thus making the two groups what is called sympar 

 tlieticotonic and vagotonic with reference to each other, de- 

 pending on whether the sympathetic or the vagal is the more 

 susceptible to stimuli. This difference can be demonstrated 

 by the administration of various drugs, as adrenin and pilo- 

 carpin. But it is known, according to Eppinger, that the 

 thyroid toxin stimulates both the sympathetic and the vagal. 

 From this it results that over-stimulus of either may occur 

 through this source, and go to the extent of producing the 

 characteristic symptoms of Basedow's or Graves's disease 

 (rapid heart beat, exophthalmia, diarrhea, etc.). These 

 symptoms may occur in varying degree, depending on 



